The Cultural Landscape-Chapter 2 Unit 2

Ecumene

The portion of the Earth's surface occupied with permanent human settlement

Epidemiological Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Census

A complete enumeration of a population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population based on the CDR, CBR and NIR

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year computed as the CBR minus the CDR (does not include migration)

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a community

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the LDCs in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional deaths in LDCs and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given certain social, economic, and medical conditions

Overpopulation

A situation where the number of people in an area exceed the captivity of resources and the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high portion of the population (plagues)

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time (outbreaks)

Degenerative Diseases

Chronic disorders associated with aging (cancers)

Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Chronic disorders associated with aging (cancers) but the life expectancy is extended through medical advances

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of able land, which is suitable for agriculture

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the population distribution of population by age and sex

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (ages 15-49)

Zero Population Growth

A decline of the TFR to the point where the NIR equals 0

Nonparticipation

Census is somewhat inaccurate because homeless people, undocumented citizens and ethnic minorities do not participate in the census forms

Demographics

The study of human population distribution and migration

World Population Distribution

•Almost 90% of all people live in the Northern hemisphere and 10% in Southern

•Urban areas are increasingly growing

•Most people live near sea level (most arable lands are located at low altitudes)

•About 2/3 of the world population are concentrated within 300 miles of an ocean

East Asia

1/4 of the world population-Includes eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean peninsula, and Taiwan. Unlike Japan/Korea where 93% of people work in urban areas, nearly half of China's people work in rural areas

South Asia

1/4 of the world population-Includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The largest concentration of people live along a 1,500 km corridor from Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal.

Europe

Includes four dozen countries-Most of population is concentrated in cities and fewer than 5% of the people are farmers.

Southeast Asia

Around 600 million people live here, mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and PAcific oceans-Includes Indonesia which is the 4th most populous country in the world containing 13,677 islands.

What are the four major clusters of human population?

Europe, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

Population Density

The relationship between the number of people and the area they occuy

Dependency Ratio

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people old enough to work

Population Growth through History

Increased from

3-4 billion in 14 years

4-5 billion in 13 years

5-6 billion in 12 years

6-7 billion in 12 years

Will saving poor children lead to overpopulation?

No

Carrying Capacity

The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people

Environmental Degradation

The harming of the environment

Thomas Malthus

A British man that concluded that the rate of population was growing at a faster rate than agriculture productivity in the 1700s

Linear Growth (Arithmetic)

A constant rate of growth across each unit of time

Exponential Growth

Rate of growth is defined as a percentage across each unit of time

Population Projections

Uses demographic data to determine future populations

Demographic Momentum

A continued population increase as a result of a large segment of the population being young

Natality Rate

CBR

Suffrage/Enfranchisement

The right to vote

Dowries

A woman must pay the man's family for the right to marry that man

Dowry Death

The groom's family will kill the bride because of her inability to pay the dowry

Disease Diffusion

The spread of disease

What are the main causes of population increase?

•Medical advances

•Quantity and quality of food

•Ethnic and religious issues

•Economic issues

What are the main causes of population decrease?

•Natural hazards and disasters

•War or political turmoil

•Economic issues

Place Utility

The process of increasing the attractiveness of a product to a group of consumers by altering its physical location

How can the concentration of the world's population be determined?

Earth's land area is divided into seven portions, each containing around 1 billion people (for land area) or can be displayed in a cartogram (for the size of population for each country)

Dry Lands

These areas are too dry for farming and lack sufficient water and therefore most people do not live here but because these areas contain natural resources such as petroleum, these areas aren't necessarily useless

Wet Lands

These areas receive very high levels of humidity and precipitation, which rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and thus hinders agriculture

Cold Lands

The polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops, few animals can survive the extreme cold and very few people live there

High Lands

Because oxygen is sparser in higher altitudes and mountains are typically covered in snow, the high mountains are sparsely settled

Do MDSs or LDCs have higher NIRs? Why?

LDCs have higher NIRs because typically, less people are educated in developing nations, which causes people to have more children (birth control, expenses information, jobs, etc)

Demographic Transition

A model that represents the process of change in a nation's population using the CBR, CDR and NIR of that nation

Demographic Transition: Stage 1

Consists of a very high CBR, very high CDR and a very low NIR-No country in the world in is this stage because this stage represents when people would find found by hunting and gathering (indigenous people still practice this such as people living in the Amazon Rainforest)

Demographic Transition: Stage 2

Consists of a high CBR, rapidly decreasing CDR and a very high NIR-