Anat/Phys lab exam 1

simple squamous

stratified squamous

simple cuboidal

simple columnar

pseudostratified columnar

transitional

connective tissue

adipose tissue

1. maxilla

2. zygomatic

3. mandible

4. lacrimal

5. palatine

6. incisive

7. nasal

1. parietal

2. frontal

3. temporal

4. occipital

1. spinous process

2. axis

3. transverse

4. articular

5. c3-c6

6. atlas

1. spinous process

2. transverse process

3. articular process

4. t1-t13

1. shaft

2. tubercle

3. neck

4. head (capitulum)

1. l1-l6

2. spinous process

3. articular process

4. transverse process

1. spinous process

2. articular process

3. sacral vertebrae

4. caudal vertebrae

5. transverse process

1. supraspinous fossa

2. spine of scapula

3. infraspinous fossa

4. subscapular fossa

1. left olecranon

2. left radius

3. left ulna

4. left humerus

5. left olecranon

6. left radius

7. left ulna

1. carpals

2. 3rd metacarpal

3. proximal phalanx

4. middle phalanx

5. distal phalanx

1. ischium

2. pubic bone

3. hooks

4. ilium

5. pins

1. left fibula

2. left tibia

3. left femur

4. left patella

5. left fibula

6. left tibia

1. tarsals

2. 3rd metatarsal

3. proximal phalanx

4. middle phalanx

5. distal phalanx

6. right distal pelvic limb

7. left distal pelvic limb

8. calcaneus

9. tarsals

10. 3rd metatarsal

Scapula justification

spine of scapula faces toward outside, supraspinous fossa positioned front, subscapular fossa on inside

Proximal and distal thoracic limb justification

with the olecranon pointing caudally, locate the radial tuberosity, if on the left, it’s a left limb and vice versa

Proximal pelvic limb justification

head of femur must face medially to articulate into hip socket of pelvis, the fibula will always sit on lateral side relative to tibia

distal pelvic limb justification

identify calcaneous, which will sit on lateral side, view limb from back, if calcaneous points toward the right it is right limb and vice versa

pelvis justification

the broad tuber coaxe of the ilium point cranially and laterally, the tuber ischii on the ischium point caudally

Masseter

origin- lower edge of the zygomatic arch

insertion- lateral surface of the mandible, up to its thickened lower edge

Masseter action

closes the mouth by lifting the lower jaw

Supraspinatus

origin- lateral surface of cranial part of scapula and its attached cartilage

insertion- cranial medial and lateral corners of the top of the humerus

supraspinatus action

stabilizes and extends shoulder

infraspinatus

origin- lateral surface of caudal part of scapula and its cartilage

insertion- lateral side of top of the humerus

infraspinatus action

stabilizes and rotates shoulder

deltoid

origin- spinal portion, spine of the scapula and surface of underlying infraspinatus muscle, caudal portion, upper caudal corner of the bony scapula

insertion- into the lateral surface of the humerus, third of the way down the bone

deltoid action

flexes shoulder, abducts limb

biceps brachii origin

from a bony bump on the lower cranial end of scapula

biceps brachii insertion

1. cranial medial corner of the top of the radius

2. ligament on the medial side of the elbow

3. by a long tendon that continues into tendon of extensor carpi radialis muscle, and indirectly into cranial surface of third metacarpal

biceps brachii action

flexes elbow, also extends shoulder

brachialis

origin- upper third of the caudal surface of the humerus

insertion- medial side of the radius near the top, slightly below and medial to insertion of biceps

brachialis action

flexes elbow

triceps brachii origin

long head: caudal border of the scapula

lateral head: upper lateral surface of the humerus

triceps brachii insertion

top and side of the olecranon of the ulna

triceps brachii action

extends elbow

longissimus dorsi origin

from medial and lateral surfaces of cranial part of pelvis, spinous process of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and cranial half of sacrum

longissimus dorsi insertion

attaches to sides of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, upper ends of all ribs except first, and sides and tops of last four cervical vertebrae

longissimus dorsi action

extends/stabilizes vertebral column

latissimus dorsi

origin- surface of the spinal muscles from the top of the shoulder to lumbar region

insertion- medial surface of humerus, a little under halfway down the bone

latissimus dorsi action

draws humerus up and back

trapezius origin

continuous line along dorsal midline of the neck and chest

neck portion: starting at 2nd cervical vertebra down to top of shoulder

thoracic portion: from spinous process of thoracic vertebrae and connecting ligaments, from shoulder to middle of chest

trapezius insertion

neck portion: along full length of spine of scapula

thoracic portion: into bony expansion about one third of way down the spine of scapula

trapezius action

elevates/rotates scapula

gluteus medius

origin- top of longissimus, upper surface of ilium, strong ligaments that connect the sacrum to ilium and to tuber ischii

insertion- top and caudal side of upper end of femur

gluteus medius action

extends hip, abducts limb

quadriceps femoris origin

vastus lateralis: lateral surface of femur, just below the hip socket down about two thirds of bone

vastus medialis: medial surface of femur, just below the hip socket down about two thirds of bone

rectus femoris: two small areas on pelvis just cranial to hip socket

vastus intermedius: cranial surface of femur, beneath rectus femoris

quadriceps femoris insertion

all parts attach to cranial surface and upper edge of patella, through three patellar ligaments, quadriceps attach to cranial surface of top of tibia

quadriceps femoris action

extends stifle, rectus femoris also flexes hip

semimembranosus

origin- from caudal edge of sacrotuberal ligament and the tuber ischii

insertion: medial surface of lower end of femur

semimembranosus action

extends hip, adducts limb

semitendinosus

origin- first and second caudal vertebrae, tail fascia, and tuber ischii

insertion- fascia on medial side of leg, attaches to cranial edge of tibia and calcaneus

semitendinosus action

extends hip and hock, flexes stifle

gluteus superficialis

origin- tuber coaxe and lateral edge of ilium

insertion- third trochanter of femur, third of way down lateral side of bone

gluteus superficialis action

flexes hip, abducts limb

biceps femoris origin

long head: ligament connects to sacrum to ilium near third and fourth sacral spines, surface of gluteal muscles and tail

short head: tuber ischii

biceps femoris insertion

fuses into caudal surface of femur, lower ends form a wide tendinous sheet into leg fascia and stifle region

long head: patella and lateral patellar ligament

short head: lateral patellar ligament and cranial edge of tibia, leg fascia and calcaneus

biceps femoris action

extends hip/stifle/hock, can flex stifle