Chem FA (95%)

Solid and liquid volume

Fixed

Gas volume

Variable (spreads to fill container)

Solid liquid and gas mass

Fixed

Shape of solid

Fixed

Shape of liquid

Takes up the shape of the container

Gas shape

Takes up space of the container

Density of solid

Highest

Density of liquid

Lower than solid

Gas density

Lowest

Forces between solid particles

Strong forces

Forces between liquid particles

Weaker forces

Gas forces between particles

Very weak

Solid arrangement

Follow a regular repeating pattern

Liquid arrangement

Irregular arrangement

Gas arrangement

Irregular

Solid spacing

They are close together and touching. No gas between the particles

Spacing of liquids

Close together and touching but there are some gaps

Gas spacing

Particles are far apart

Solid kinetic energy

Very little

Liquid kinetic energy

More energy than solid

Gas kinetic energy

Much more than liquids and solids

Movement of solids

Particles vibrate

Liquids movement

Slide over each other

Gas movement

Particles move freely and constantly collide

Change from solid to liquid

Melting

Melting

• Solid is heated

• Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster

• Particles move apart

• Attraction becomes weaker

Change from liquid to solid

Freezing

• Freezing

• Liquid is cooled down

• Lose kinetic energy

• Move around more slowly

Forces of attraction becomes stronger

Liquid to gas

Boiling

Boiling

• Liquid is heated

• Gain kinetic energy and move faster

• Start to move further apart

• Attractions are completely broken

Gas to liquid

Condensation

• Condensation

• Gas is cooled down

• Particles lose kinetic energy move more slowly

• Forces of attraction become stronger

• Forces hold the particles as liquid

Evaporation

• takes place at any temperature

• No bubbles

• slower process

• Boiling

• takes place at boiling point

• Happens through liquid

• Bubbles

• Faster process

Solid to gas

Sublimation

• Sublimation

• heat the solid

• Gain kinetic energy

Vibrate faster

Start to move further apart

Attractions are completely broken

Deposition

• Cool down the gas

• Particles lose kinetic energy and move around slowly

• Particles come closer together

• Attraction becomes stronger Forces hold

• Hold the particles as solid

Gas to solid

Deposition

Iodide when it’s heated it

Sublimes and forms a purple gas

Below melting point

Solid

Between melting point and boiling point

Liquid

Above it’s boiling point

Gas

Diffusion

The spreading out of particles from regions of a high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Liquid bromine…

Evaporates

Word equation of ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas

Hydrogen chloride + ammonia gas → ammonium chloride

Chemical equation

HCL (g) + NH3 (g) → NH4CL (s)

Why is white ring formed closer to hydrogen chloride ?

Ammonia has travelled more distance in the same amount of time because it’s lighter

Why does white ring take time to from ?

NH3 and HCL particles collide with air particles then with one another . Also particles move in a random direction and need many collisions for the white ring to become visible

Hydrochloric acid is …

Corrosive , damages skin

Potassium and water

1. Crystals start to dissolve

2. The ions diffuse

3. Eventually ions spread out uniformly (all purple container)

Dilute solution

• Purple in colour but less dark

• Particles diffuse and speed out evenly

Diffusion in liquids

lead nitrate + potassium iodide = lead (II) iodide + potassium nitrate (yellow solid)

What happens in the Petri dish with the distilled water?

• Particles diffuse

• Move randomly until lead ions meet iodide ions forming yellow lead iodide

• Solid forms closer to the lead nitrate because lead is heavier and travels slower