csulb history 172 midterm

history

a project based on an inquiry into the past that aims to make logical sense of available evidence from the past

primary source

records produced during the period bring studied

secondary source

records that interpret primary sources (usually written by historians)

historical interpretation

determining the meaning of historical evidence and themes

historiography

the study of past historical interpretations that reveal how a particular field has developed over time

agency

historical actors who wielded power to make historical change

cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, population of 20,000 at its peak, cultural magnet, irrigation, walls, multiple mounds, larger urban center in the region

great league of peace

Iroquois Confederacy between 1100 and 1400 CE, five nations: onondagas, oneidas, caucus, Mohawks, senecas

matrilineal

kinship and ancestry traced through Mothers

tenochtitlan

as many as 125,000 residents, pyramid builders, obsidian tools, human sacrifice, worship of Quetzalcoatl-- the "feathered serpent", culture influenced mayan and Aztecs

Reconquista

crusade against the muslims and Libera, new kingdoms established: Spain and Portugal, efforts to trade in Asia, rising merchant class and trade, crusading sprit, efforts at conversation, opportunity for social advancement, imperial rivalry

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

tainos

The people Columbus came in contact with in the West Indies.

treaty of tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

encomienda

a colonial system in which a Spanish official was granted a portion of land and given legal jurisdiction over its residents ( a form of medieval feudalism)

columbian exchange

stands as the most significant geographical rearrangement of organisms with profound environmental and human conquest

repartimiento

replaced encomienda system, indigenous workers emancipated and paid some compensation, illegal to enslave Indios, still subject to corporal punishment

pueblo revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

middle ground

notion of accommodation -- two way compromise

calumet

sharing a pipe that represented friendships and a sort of spiritual unity

new Amsterdam

large settlement on Manhattan island, treaty with indigenous Lenape, fortified by outer wall

Chesapeake

Virginia-Maryland bay area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

protestant reformation

protest against corruption and the authority of the Bible, Martin Luther's ninety-five theses, jean Calvin and the doctrine of predestination, consequences: new churches separate from the Roman Catholic Church, Europe divided between protestant and Catholic states, bible translated and made available in vernacular languages

joint stock company

system developed by the dutch, investors purchased shares in a company, anticipate profits from the colony (dividends), first colonies fail to deliver

Powhatan

most powerful person in the Chesapeake in 1600, power expressed in terms of kinship ties

indentured servitude

temporary labor contract that lasted about 7 years

mayflower compact

precedent of self-rule,

salem witch trails

excessive reliance on church authority and weak evidence, "spectral evidence" 200+ people stood trail; 14 women and 6 men executed, broke the monopoly of church control over public institutions, drew criticisms from other puritan leaders.

Wampanoag

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

metacom's war

metacom( son of massasoit) was the Wampanoag sachem, weetamoo was a pocasset sachem, desperate attempt by the Native American leaders to drive the English out, initial victories: several English towns destroyed and 2,5k English militia killed, numerous English women and children captured

English bill of rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

bacons rebellion

-massive revolt against the Virginia government,

- combined force led by Nathanial bacon and the elite, white farmers, indentured laborers,

- issues at hand: unfair taxes and corruption, land shortage, tension both Native American territory

-rebels burned James town to the ground

Slave Society

system in which wealth, status, culture, and economic production are centered on enslaved labor

Gold Coast

commodification

process of transformation human beings into commodities to be bought and sold

quakers

group of religious dissenters Fromm English: perfectionists, pacifists, prohibitionist, antislavery

seven years war

starts in Northern America but spills over into Europe and South Asia, French win most battles at the beginning, defeat of Braddocks army

treaty of paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

proclamation line of 1763

colonist not allowed to settle beyond the Appalachians

enlightenment

intellectual movement based in France that privileged reason and empirical data over divine revelation to understand the physical world

first great awakening

christian revival movement aimed at spiritual apathy and stagnation in the churches, emphasis on emotional experience over adherence to doctrine, against state run churches

mercantilism

economic policy that regulates commerce to increase the flow of bullion to the mother country: import raw materials (tobacco, furs, tea leaves), export finished goods(clothing, furniture, tools), colonies support the economy of the mother country.

sons of liberty

middle and working class movement to protest

coercive acts

-Boston port closed

-suspension of Boston's town meeting

-direct royal control over the city

-more regiments sent to Boston

- Bostonians must quarter acts

siege of Boston

-William howe in command of the British army in Boston

-washington leads the new continetal army to surround the city

- British attempt to break out: bunker hill

- siege last 11 months which place a huge strain on both sides

- British finally evacuate by sea and move to NY

common sense

enlightenment ideas about liberty in plain language

battle of Saratoga

convinces the French and Spanish to join

articles of confederation

the first U.S. constitution, established in 1777, established an independent nation free from tyranny , states are in charge of levying taxes

shays rebellion

farmers unable to pay taxes, banks loaned money demand specie but nobody has any, Daniel shays and other farmers lead a rebellion against the state, seize the state courts to prevent further imprisonment

federalists

movement to establish a strong central government

three-fifths clause

enslaved people will be counted as 3/5ths of a person when calculating a state's population

Middle Passage

route by which enslaved persons were trafficked across the Atlantic

Compare and contrast the development of the Chesapeake and Plymouth/Massachusetts colonies during the seventeenth century. You may consider economic, cultural, social, political, or religious factors in your analysis of these two regions.

The New England climate and terrain was not suitable for growing cash crops like tobacco. A plantation economy did not develop in New England because plantation crops would not grow. In the Chesapeake, however, the soil, weather, and flat terrain was excellent for tobacco growing. Had the climate of Virginia been more similar to Connecticut, it's reasonable to say the two colonies would have been very similar. The sharp contrast in the climates and terrain accounts for much of the difference in development of the two regions.

How did underlying tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain ultimately develop into outright war and revolution by 1776? Be sure to note some of the specific grievances that led many of the colonists to support independence instead of reconciliation.

talk about the coercive acts, Boston massacre, and the Boston tea party

To what extent did Native Americans manage to resist European colonialism during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

During the colonial period, Native Americans had a complicated relationship with European settlers. They resisted the efforts of the Europeans to gain more of their land and control through both warfare and diplomacy. But problems arose for the Native Americans, which held them back from their goal, including new diseases, the slave trade, and the ever-growing European population in North America.In the 17th century, as European nations scrambled to claim the already occupied land in the "New World," some leaders formed alliances with Native American nations to fight foreign powers. Some famous alliances were formed during the French and Indian War of 1754-1763. The English allied with the Iroquois Confederacy, while the Algonquian-speaking tribes joined forces with the French and the Spanish. The English won the war, and claimed all of the land east of the Mississippi River. The English-allied Native Americans were given part of that land, which they hoped would end European expansion—but unfortunately only delayed it. Europeans continued to enter the country following the French and Indian War, and they continued their aggression against Native Americans. Another consequence of allying with Europeans was that Native Americans were often fighting neighboring tribes. This caused rifts that kept some Native American tribes from working together to stop European takeover.Native Americans were also vulnerable during the colonial era because they had never been exposed to European diseases, like smallpox, so they didn't have any immunity to the disease, as some Europeans did. European settlers brought these new diseases with them when they settled, and the illnesses decimated the Native Americans—by some estimates killing as much as 90 percent of their population. Though many epidemicshappened prior to the colonial era in the 1500s, several large epidemics occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries among various Native American populations. With the population sick and decreasing, it became more and more difficult to mount an opposition to European expansion.Another aspect of the colonial era that made the Native Americans vulnerable was the slave trade. As a result of the wars between the European nations, Native Americans allied with the losing side were often indentured or enslaved. There were even Native Americans shipped out of colonies like South Carolina into slavery in other places, like Canada.These problems that arose for the Native Americans would only get worse in the 19th century, leading to greater confinement and the extermination of native people. Unfortunately, the colonial era was neither the start nor the end of the long, dark history of treatment of Native Americans by Europeans and their decedent's throughout in the United States.