PDHPE: Relationships, Sexual Health, and Personal Safety

Comprehensive practice flashcards in Question and Answer format covering healthy and abusive relationships, conflict resolution, cyberbullying, domestic violence, consent laws, contraception, sexually transmitted infections, and personal safety.

How is empowerment defined within a relationship?

Building up, encouraging, and giving each other the confidence, voice, and autonomy to grow, rather than using control, manipulation, or power struggles.

What is the definition of compromise according to the lecture notes?

Finding agreements through communication and mutual acceptance of terms.

What four practical strategies are recommended to manage conflict effectively and respectfully in a relationship?

Using 'I' statements, writing a letter, taking deep breaths before communicating, and actively listening even if you disagree.

What factors can contribute to an imbalance of power in relationships?

Age, gender, physical size, maturation, intelligence, and popularity.

Why is it important for relationships to have ground rules and boundaries?

To ensure both people feel emotionally and physically safe and are able to express their thoughts, beliefs, and opinions.

What is the distinction between rights and responsibilities in a relationship?

Rights are the freedoms individuals are entitled to (often linked to legislation), while responsibilities are social and moral obligations that demonstrate respect for the rights of others.

If a teacher refuses to cover ATSI culture in class due to time constraints, what curriculum policy and standards are violated?

The commitment to national social unity and equal opportunity, as well as the inclusive curriculum standards established by NESA.

What right does an individual in a wheelchair possess when waiting for public transport?

The right to access public transport without discrimination.

What is the collaboration method of conflict resolution?

Finding a new solution that satisfies the core needs of both parties; it requires the most time and effort but is best for preserving relationships.

How does compromise differ from accommodation in conflict resolution?

In compromise, each side gives up a part of what they want to meet in the middle; in accommodation, one party chooses to give in and let the other have their way.

What is cyberbullying as defined in the notes?

The use of digital devices, the internet, or mobile technology to repeatedly harass, threaten, embarrass, or target someone.

What are three institutional or legal consequences of cyberbullying for the perpetrator?

School suspensions, expulsions, and criminal or civil charges that can result in juvenile detention, fines, or felony records.

What physical or somatic symptoms can victims of cyberbullying experience as a result of prolonged stress hormones?

Chronic headaches, stomachaches, sleep disturbances, and a weakened immune system.

How does the focus of intimate relationships change between early adolescence ($12\text{--}14$ years) and late adolescence ($15\text{--}18$ years)?

Early adolescence focuses on short-lived, group-centered infatuation, physical attraction, and social status; late adolescence transitions to exclusive, one-on-one partnerships centered on deep emotional intimacy, trust, and mutual support.

What distinguishes an intimate romantic relationship from a friendship?

An intimate romantic relationship involves romantic love, physical or sexual attraction, exclusivity, and active planning for a shared future, whereas a friendship is a platonic connection based on mutual affection, shared interests, and non-exclusivity.

What is domestic violence?

Any abusive, aggressive, or violent behaviour used in the home or between family members.

What are the five main forms of domestic violence outlined in the notes?

Physical, verbal, social, economic, and sexual abuse.

What behaviours constitute economic abuse in a relationship?

Using money or material goods to exert power, including lying about spending or savings, spending another person's money without permission, stealing, fraud, and withholding money.

Who was Rosie Batty, and what advocacy campaign did she establish following the murder of her son Luke in $2014$?

A key Australian domestic violence reform advocate who established the Luke Batty Foundation and the Never Alone campaign.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), how frequently does a woman lose her life to domestic violence in Australia?

One woman every $4$ days.

According to AIHW data, how much more likely are Indigenous Australians to be hospitalised from family violence compared to non-Indigenous Australians?

$32$ times more likely.

What percentage of global GDP is estimated to be lost due to the macroeconomic impacts of domestic violence?

Approximately $2\%$.

What are five warning signs of an unhealthy or abusive relationship?

Possessiveness, jealousy, put-downs, threats/menace, and emotional manipulation (such as the silent treatment or gaslighting).

What is Kids Helpline and what demographic does it serve?

A confidential, anonymous, $24$-hour telephone and online counselling service for young people aged $5\text{--}18$ years.

What is the legal age of consent for sexual activity in most Australian states?

$16$ years of age.

What five legal characteristics define sexual consent under the FRIES acronym?

Freely given, Reversible, Informed, Enthusiastic, and Specific.

How does the lecture define sexual harassment?

Behaviour of a sexual nature that is uninvited and intimidating, embarrassing, and/or offensive.

According to statistics in the notes, what proportion of women and men in Australia have experienced sexual violence since the age of $15$?

$1/5$ women ($22\%$) and $1/16$ men ($6.1\%$).

What percentage of sexual assaults in Australia are never reported to the police?

$87\%$.

Under Catholic Church teachings, what are the two core purposes of sexual intercourse within marriage?

Unitive (strengthening the bond of intimacy, respect, and love between husband and wife) and procreative (openness to the creation of new life).

What is the only contraceptive method that offers $100\%$ complete prevention against both STIs and unintended pregnancy?

Abstinence.

What is the effectiveness rate of male condoms in preventing pregnancies and STIs?

$85\text{--}98\%$.

What is the difference in hormonal mechanism between the combined oral contraceptive pill and the mini-pill?

The combined pill contains oestrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation; the mini-pill contains only progesterone and works by altering cervical mucus and the uterine lining.

What anatomical structures are permanently blocked during male and female sterilisation procedures?

The vas deferens in males and the fallopian tubes in females.

What is the most commonly diagnosed STI in Australia, and what proportion of infections in young people remain undiagnosed?

Chlamydia, with almost $3/4$ ($75\%$) of infections in young people remaining undiagnosed and untreated due to an absence of symptoms.

What pathogen causes syphilis, and what is its primary characteristic symptom?

It is caused by bacteria, and its primary symptom is painless sores around the genital areas that typically resolve within $2\text{--}6$ weeks if left untreated.

What is the clinical difference between HIV and AIDS?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that attacks and weakens the immune system, whereas AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the advanced medical stage (Stage $3$) of an untreated HIV infection.

What percentage of road trauma in Australia is attributed to speeding?

Approximately $40\%$.

What are the three primary communication styles, and how is each characterized?

Passive (quiet, apologetic, unsure), Assertive (clear, calm, confident), and Aggressive (sharp, reactive, overpowering).