Endocrine System

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28 Terms

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Endocrine System

includes glands that release hormones into internal fluids (ex: blood)

  • examples of glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and pineal


<p>includes <strong>glands </strong>that release hormones into internal fluids (ex: blood)</p><ul><li><p>examples of glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and pineal</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Nervous System vs. Endocrine system

  • Nervous System: electrical impulse with fast effect (via axons)

  • Endocrine System: chemical hormones with slow effect (via fluid)

They both communicate information!


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Hormones

Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands. They regulate target cells and organs in the body.

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2 main classes of hormones in endocrine system

  • Amino-based

  • Steroids


<ul><li><p>Amino-based</p></li><li><p>Steroids</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Steps of the Endocrine System

Endocrine glands → Hormones → Fluid: Blood → Target cells → Response

<p>Endocrine glands → Hormones → Fluid: Blood → Target cells → Response</p>
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Hormone secretion is controlled by:

  • Humoral (ex: molecules in blood)

  • Neural (ex: impulse from neuron)

  • Hormonal


<ul><li><p>Humoral (ex: molecules in blood)</p></li><li><p>Neural (ex: impulse from neuron)</p></li><li><p>Hormonal</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

  • Connected inferiorly to hypothalamus via infundibulum

  • Contains 2 parts:

  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior)

  2. Neurohypophysis (posterior)


<ul><li><p>Connected inferiorly to hypothalamus via <strong>infundibulum</strong></p></li><li><p>Contains 2 parts:</p></li></ul><ol><li><p>Adenohypophysis (anterior)</p></li><li><p>Neurohypophysis (posterior)</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Anterior Lobe (of Pituitary Gland) - Adenohypophysis

  • Known as "The master gland”

  • Intermediary between brain and the rest of the body

  • Controls a large amount of hormones


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Anterior Lobe Hormones of Pituitary Gland

  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

  • Prolactin (PRL)

  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

  • Growth Hormone (GH)


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Anterior lobe is controlled by the __

Hypothalamus

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Steps of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Hypothalamus releases hormones via veins → Anterior lobe makes and secretes hormones (such as TSH, ACTH, etc.) into blood → Target organs

<p><strong>Hypothalamus </strong>releases hormones via <strong>veins </strong>→ Anterior lobe makes and secretes hormones (such as TSH, ACTH, etc.) into <strong>blood</strong> → <strong>Target organs</strong></p>
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Posterior Lobe Hormones of Pituitary Gland

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vassopressin

  • Oxytocin

  • Also social hormones


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Posterior Pituitary is controlled by __

Hypothalamus

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Steps of posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Hypothalamus makes and releases hormones (ADH, oxytocin) via axons → Posterior lobe secretes hormones (ADH, oxytocin) into blood → Target organs

<p><strong>Hypothalamus </strong>makes and releases hormones (ADH, oxytocin) via <strong>axons</strong> → Posterior lobe secretes hormones (ADH, oxytocin) into <strong>blood </strong>→ Target organs</p>
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Thyroid gland is composed of ___

Follicles

<p>Follicles</p>
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Thyroid Gland Follicles

Produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones

  • Follicles contain colloid, follicular cells, parafollicular (C) cells


<p>Produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones</p><ul><li><p>Follicles contain colloid, follicular cells, parafollicular (C) cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thyroid hormones include:

  • Thyroid Hormone (TH)

  • Calcitonin


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Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Secreted by follicular cells

→ Thyroxine (T4)

→ Triiodothyronine (T3)

Function: Regulate body metabolism

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Calcitonin

Secreted by parafollicular (C) cells

Function: decreases calcium in blood

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Parathyroid Gland secretes ___

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium in blood

<p><strong>Parathyroid hormone </strong>(PTH) which increases calcium in blood</p>
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Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal)

Regulate Stress

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2 Regions of Adrenal Glands

  • Adrenal Cortex

  • Adrenal Medulla


<ul><li><p>Adrenal Cortex</p></li><li><p>Adrenal Medulla</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Adrenal Medulla

Regulates short-term stress

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Hormones of Adrenal Medulla

  • Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

  • Norephinephrine

Function: sympathetic nervous system response


<ul><li><p>Epinephrine (Adrenaline)</p></li><li><p>Norephinephrine</p></li></ul><p>Function: sympathetic nervous system response</p><p></p>
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Adrenal Cortex

Regulates long-term stress

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Hormones of Adrenal Cortex

  • Aldosterone: retain blood Na+ and H2O

  • Cortisol: metabolism

  • Sex Hormones: early reproductive organ development


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Pineal Gland

Controls circadian rhythm

→ Melatonin

<p>Controls circadian rhythm</p><p>→ Melatonin</p>
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Pancreas

Controls blood sugar level by releasing glucagon and insulin

  • Pancreatic Islets:

  1. Alpha cells: glucagon

  2. Beta cells: insulin

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1)