Anatomy and Physiology Exam 3

Functions of the skeletal system

provide shape to the body

support and protect body structures

aid body movements

contains tissue that produces blood cells

store inorganic salts

2 divisions of the skeletal system

axial

appendicular

Hematopoiesis

occurs in red bone marrow; the continuous, regulated process by which the body produces all cellular blood components

What percent of inorganic mineral salts make up the bone matrix?

70%

osteoporosis

condition that results from loss of bone mineralization

Hypocalcemia

can have adverse effect on circulation, muscles, nerves, and bone

blood has difficulty coagulating

heart may skip beating or stop beating all together

muscles may have difficulty contracting

nerves may have difficulty functioning

bones may become brittle

hypercalcemia

nervous system underactive

lethargy, shuggish reflexes

constipation, loss of apetite

confusion

sometimes coma

Long bones

longer than they are wide

Short bones

cube shaped

flat bones

plate-like with broad surfaces

irregular bones

varied shapes

round bones

circular in shape

epiphysis

expanded end

diaphysis

bone shaft

metaphysis

between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part

articular cartilage

covers epiphysis

periosteum

encloses bone; dense connective tissue

compact (cortical) bone

wall of diaphysis

spongy (Cancellous) bone

makes up epiphysis

trabeculae

branching bony plates, makes up spongy bone

medullary cavity

hollow chamber in diaphysis, contains marrow

endosteum

lines spaces, cavity

bone marrow

red or yellow marrow

lines medullary cavity

spongy bone spaces

lacunae

contain osteocytes

central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

canaculi

small canals that connect lamellae and osteocytes to blood supply and nerves

Volkmans’s/Perforating Canals

run from periosteum to central canal of each osteon