A+P skeletal muscle system unit 4

Functions of skeletal system

Support and protection, body movement, blood cell formation, storage of inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium)

Organization

About 206 bones with two main divisions (appendicular and axial)

Axial skeleton

Head, drunk, neck, skull, hypoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage (ribs), sternum

Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle, arms), pelvic girdle (coxal, leg bones)

Types of bones

Flat, Long, short, irregular, sesamoid

Flat bones

Protection (sternum, ribs, skull, bones)

Long bones

Support weight, movement (femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna)

Short bones

Stability and movement (Carpals and tarsals)

Irregular bones

Protects organs (vertebrae, pelvis)

Sesamoid bone

Reinforce tendons (patella/kneecap)

Structure of flat bones

Thin layer of compact bone surrounding cancellous bone, spaces within spongy bone are surrounded by boney trabeculae

Bone structure (long bone)

1. Epiphysis (end) 2. Diaphysis (shaft) 3. Articular cartilage (padding) 4. Periosteum 5. Medulla (contains marrow)

Epiphyses

are named according to their location the epiphyses closest to the body center is the proximal one the one that is first it is the distal one

Inside long bone

Medullary cavity, endosteum, red marrow, yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

Hollow filled with yellow bone marrow

Endosteum

Lines of the medullary cavity

Red marrow

Produces blood cells most found in flat and spongy bone

Yellow marrow

Fat storage

Microscopic structure

Bow tissue is called osseous tissue, the matrix is composed of collagen and inorganic materials like calcium and phosphate.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells and closed and tiny chambers called lacunae (forms rings called the lamellae around Central Canal, which houses blood vessels

Canaliculi

Tiny canals that link osteocytes

Bone development

Bones first form as hyaline cartilage, then gradually changes into bone tissue a process called ossification

Osteoblasts

Create osteocytes

Osteocytes

Bone resorption

Bone growth

Epiphyseal disk (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Bone remodeling

osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to repair bone when bone is stressed osteoblasts are stimulated to strengthen bone athletes can train bones to become strong

Skull sutures

Coronal (between frontal and parietal bone)

Lambdoial (between occipital and parietal)

Squamous (between temporal and parietal)

Sagittal (between parietal bones)

Topography of the skull

Foremen (refers to any opening in the skull nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face)

Middle ear bones

Malleus, incus, stapes

Hyoid bone

U-shaped bone just above the larynx, suspended from styloid process of temporal bone only bone in the body to not form a joint with another bone

Vertebral column

Cervical (c1-c7) (neck)

Thoracic (t1-t12) (ribs are attached)

Lumbar (l1-l5) (lower back)

Sacrum + coccyx (tailbone)

Intervertebral disks

cushion absorb and shock keep vertebrae in place 90% water in young people water content decreases in older people (herniated disk- also called slipped or ruptured)

Normal spine curvature

Primary curvature as infant vs secondary convex vs concave regions

Abnormalities of the spine

Kyphosis, lordosis, ankylosis, scoliosis

Kyphosis

is a hunchback curve

Lordosis

Is a swayback lower region

Ankylosis

A severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse

Scoliosis

Abnormal curve of the spine

Thoracic cage (12 pairs of ribs)

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

True ribs

Attached to sternum first seven

False ribs

Don’t attach to sternum next three

Floating ribs

Arnt connected to anything on anterior side last two

Pectoral girdle

Clavicle and spatulas

Pelvic girdle

Two large coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Difference between male and women skeletons

Size, shape of pelvis, size of pelvis, pubic angle

Age difference in environmental factors

Human skeletons are considered to reach its mature state at 25, after age 50, the density of bones slowly decreases, Nutrition can cause variations in skeleton as can stress.

Bones of the arm

Ulna goes to pinky radius goes to thumb

Bones of the wrist

Rest a small bones called carpals, hand metacarpal, fingers phalanges

types of joints (Articulations)

Synarthotic, amphiathrotic, diarthrotic

Synarthotic

Immovable joint called sutures in the skull

Amphiathrotic

Slightly movable (Vertebrae cartilage, joints, pubic bones in late pregnancy)

Diarthrotic

Freely, movable joint (knee wrist, elbow shoulder) also called synovial joints

Structure of diarthrotic joints

joint capsule ligaments, hold adjoining bones together, but permit movement at joint

Articular cartilage

Covers ends of bones and absorbs jolt

synovial membrane

Lions, joy, capsule, and secrets lubricating fluid

Joint cavity

Space between joint end of bones filled with synovial fluid

Freely movable joints

Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, condyloid

Ball and socket

Shoulder and hip joint

Hinge

Elbow

Pivot

Radius rotating against ulna

Saddle

Joint of thumb

Gliding

Articular process between vertebrae

Condyloid

Atlantoocipital joint

Joints

Ligaments, tendons

Ligaments

Join bone to bone (acl, mcl)

Tendons

Join muscle to bone (achilles tendon)

Types of fractures

Transverse, linear, oblique non-displaced, oblique displaced, spiral, green stick, comminuted

Transverse

Horizontal brake

Linear

Vertical brake

Oblique non-displaced

Diagonal break

Oblique displaced

Diagonal break separated in two

Spiral

Full diagonal break all around

Green stick

Vertical brake along edge of bone

Comminuted

Bone broken into crumbles

Treating fractures

Casts or splints, Internal/external fixation (Screws, plates, wires, rods)

bone spurs

Also known as osteophytes occurs when the body grows small projections on the edge of bones

Plantar fasciitis

Common cause of your pain, inflammation of the planter fascia walking can be painful

Osteoporosis

Increase in activity of osteoclasts causes a breakdown of bone, bones become more fragile, spongy bones become more porous

Causes of osteoporosis

Lack of exercise, poor diet, genetics, ethnicity, and gender

Rheumatoid arthritis

In auto immune disease which causes joint stiffness, and bone deformity

Rickets

Deficiency of vitamin D causes, weak brittle bones that fracture easily, and affect growth

Nursemaids elbow

Subluxation, pulling an arm separates bones and slides between the humorous and radius

Shoulder dislocation

Results from force or trauma, humorous, pops out of socket

Fibrodysplasia ossifications progressive (fop)

Soft tissue regrows as bone

Osteosarcoma

Most common bone cancer primarily affects the long bones like knee hip shoulder regions, most commonly affect teens and young adults