Kinesiology Chapter 7

The energy is derived from complexes of nutrients

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

ATP

Chemical name for the energy you produce

Muscular work, thermoregulation and food digestion

Biochemical processes that use ATP

ATP Cycle

1. 1. ATP break down

2. 2. Phosphorylation

3. 3. ATP resynthesis

Steps of ATP break down

1. 1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups in ATP

2. 2. Phosphate atom is released from ATP now ADP

3. 3. Energy is released

Phosphorylation

Energy released by ATP can be used by the body when a free phosphate is transferred to another molecule

ATP resynthesis

1. 1. Initial stores of the ATP in the muscles are used up very quickly and ATP must be regenerated

2. 2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and P

3. 3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (aka food you eat)

3 Energy systems

1. 1. High energy phosphate system

2. 2. Anaerobic glycolic system

3. 3. Aerobic oxidative system

High energy phosphate system primary energy source

Stored ATP and Creatine Phosphate

High energy phosphate system duration of activity

7 to 12 seconds

High energy phosphate system sporting events

Sprinting, high jump, long jump, weightlifting

High energy phosphate system advantages

Produces very large amount of energy in a short period of time

High energy phosphate system limiting factors

Initial concentration of primary energy sources (ATP, CP)

Anaerobic glycolytic system primary energy sources

Stored glycogen, blood glucose (carbohydrates)

Anaerobic glycolytic system duration of activity

12 seconds to 3 minutes

Anaerobic glycolytic system sporting events

800 m run, 200 m swim, downhill ski race, 1500 m speed skating

Anaerobic glycolytic system advantages

Ability to produce energy under inadequate oxygen

Anaerobic glycolytic system limiting factors

Lactic acid builds up, H+ ions build up (decrease in pH)

Glycolysis

A biochemical process that releases energy in the form of ATP from glycogen and glucose

Products and by products and by-products of glycolysis (per molecule of glucose)

2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, 2 lactic acid

Anaerobic threshold

The exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate
within the blood. The point during exercise where a person begins to feel
discomfort and burning sensations in the muscles.

When anaerobic glycolytic system starts?

When reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level and rate of glycolysis is high and there is a build up of pyruvic acid

Effect of training on the anaerobic glycolytic system

Rate of lactic acid is decreased in the endurance trained individual meaning that anaerobic threshold is higher. This in turn means that the individual can work at a higher level before lactic acid accumulation begins.

Rate of accumulating of lactic acid can be decreased by

1. reducing the rate of lactate production

2. increasing the rate of lactate elimination

Reducing the rate of lactate production

By increasing the effectiveness of the aerobic oxidative system the ability of the system to remove the lactic acid from the muscles increases

Increasing the rate of lactate elimination

• Increased rate of lactic acid diffusion from active muscles back to bloodstream

• Increased muscle blood flow

• Increased ability to metabolize lactate in heart, liver and non-working muscles

The aerobic oxidative system primary energy sources

Glycogen, glucose, fats and proteins

The aerobic oxidative system duration of activity

>3 minutes

The aerobic oxidative system sporting events

Walking, jogging, swimming and walking up the stairs

The aerobic oxidative system advantages

Large output of energy over a large period of time, removal of lactic acid

The aerobic oxidative system limiting factors

Lung function, max blood flow, oxygen availability, excessive energy demands

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Biochemical process used in the aerobic oxidative system

Oxidative Phosphorylation System passways

Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain

Where in the cell is Oxidative Phosphorylation System done?

Mitochondrion

Combining ADP and P in the presence of oxygen

Simple explanation of how aerobic oxidative chain works

Yield of 36 ATP molecules per 1 glucose molecule

The amount of ATP molecules got from 1 glucose molecule in the Oxidative Phosphorylation System

Yield of 169 ATP molecules per 1 fat molecule

The amount of ATP molecules got from 1 fat molecule in the Oxidative Phosphorylation System

By-products of Oxidative Phosphorylation System

Carbon dioxide, water are the by-products of Oxidative Phosphorylation System

Two ways to get rid of lactic acid

Cori cycle or slowly decompose in the muscle itself

Process of the cori cycle

1. Through glycolysis the glucose becomes pyruvic acid.

2. Pyruvic acid is made into lactic acid.

3. Lactic acid travels by blood lactate to the liver

4. There it becomes lactate

5. Lactate in the liver makes pyruvate

6. Pyruvate during gluconeogenesis with a little ATP becomes glucose

7. Glucose then travels back to the muscles through blood glucose

Aerobic power or VO₂ max (ml/min/kg)

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per minute per kilogram

Factors that contribute to the aerobic power

1. Arterial oxygen content

   1. the amount of oxygen in the air

   2. the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry

2. Cardiac output (Q) = Heart rate times the stroke volume

   1. the heart rate amount

   2. the amount of peripheral blood flow

3. Tissue oxygen extraction (a-v O₂ difference)

   1. the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the cell

   2. the amount of oxygen the cell uses

Three energy systems co-existing

Different energy systems can be used at the same time, but the performance intensity falls over time