Mods 7-10 Vocab - HuG

population composition

the makeup of a population by age and gender as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and education background

age structure

refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population that every 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

youth dependency ratio

the number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

elderly dependency ratio

the number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older that 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

generations

groups of people who were born around the same time and share some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up

baby boomers

people born from 1946 to 1964 during the post-World War II uptick in birth rate

Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and who are now in their prime working years

millennials

people who were born between 1981 and 1996

generation Z

people born between 1997 and 2012

gender ratio

the ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

androcentrism

a phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

infanticide

the practice of killing infants

population pyramid

a very useful graphic device for depicting the age and gender structure of a population

population distribution

the pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth’s surface

eurasia

a massive piece of land on Earth that consists of europe, with less that 10 percent of the human population, and asia, which accounts for just under 60 percent of humanity

ecumene

the portion of earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

population clusters

heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on earth: south asia, east asia, southeast asia, and europe

metacity

a city with more that 20 million residents

megacity

a city with more than 10 million residents

developed/industrialized country

a country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing/industrializing countries

countries that are of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

snow belt

states located in the northern and midwestern parts of the USA

sunbelt

states in costal areas and the south and southwest of the USA

mean center of population

the balancing point given the distribution of population

population density

the average number of people per unit of land area

arithmetic (crude) density

the average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

physiological density

the average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

the number of people a particular environment or earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

human well-being

the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

demographic equation

the method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time

crude birth rate (CBR)

the average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

low birth rate

a crude birth rate below 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

a crude birth rate between 20 and 30 per 1000 people

high birth rate

a crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

replacement level fertility

the average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

gender roles

behaviors and attitudes associated with a particular gender based on cultural norms

crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per year per 1000 people

infant mortality rate (IMR)

a measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

child mortality

deaths of children under five years of age

rate of natural increase (RNI)

the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

zero population growth

when a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero

doubling time

the number of years it takes for a population to double in size

rule of 70

a tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RNI)

demographic transition model (DTM)

conceptualizes how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countreis go through industrialization and urbanization

epidemiology

a branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle

epidemiological transition theory

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

degenerative disease

a disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke