AP HUG Unit 3

long-lot settlement pattern

a linear settlement pattern where each farmstead is at one end of a long, narrow rectangular lot. Ecah has access to a maor linear resource like a river, major road, etc.

Seen in North America, West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America

examples of cultural traits that make up culture

architecture: modern housing may be easy to replicate but housing using local resources are regionally unique(EG adobe homes of the American Southwest). Streets, homes, building material, architectural styles, and buildings

food: historically shaped by local availability and cultural taboos. Change in food customes lead to broader cultural shifts.

technology: prioer to the industrial revolution, most goods were produced at home so ocal \cultures were distint(amish still reject tech and have a unique culture). But now, tech is everywhere and diffuses culture and allows for the distribution of mass produced goods

material culture vs nonmaterial culture

material culture(artifacts): the physical, visibile objects made and used by members of a cultural group(buildings, instruments, clothing, food artwork)

nonmaterial culture(mentifacts): intangible elements of culture that are passed down from generation to generation in a society

Cultural trait

a single aspect of a given culture

Types of cultures

local: rural, ethnically homogenous cultures deeply connected to the land. Regionally distinctive and resistant to change(old people cling to old practices)

indigenous cultures: local cultures that are no longer the dominant ehtnic group in their traditional homeland because of migraiton, colonization or political marginization

popular cultures: heterogenous cultures influenced by key urban areas and are quick to adopt new tech. Young drive change

cultura lattitudes

concepts and idea sin a society shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs and perspectives

language

a mutually agreed upon system of symbolic commmunication

polygots

those fluent in more than 2 languages

code switching

when cultural context affects how poeple behave in public and speak to others

a native spanish speaker interacts with spanish speaking friends different than english speaking ones

religion

a structures sed of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe

ethnic group vs race

ehtnic group: a people with common ancestry and cultural tradition. Has a strong feeling of cultural identity

race: defined by physical characeristics of a group(esp skin color)

ethnic geography

the study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity

multiculturalism

a set of policies tha tpromote the active participation and inclusion of minorities in national histories and policies and cultural institutions to embrace differences in society.

ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism

ethocentrism: evaluates other cultures from the perspective of your own culture(EG japanese people are inferior because they use chopsticks instead of the superior spoon and fork method)

cultural relativism: trie sto understand cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic(using chopsticks in Japan is a very interesting cultural trait and it makes sense why they do that)

cultural landscape

landscapes that have been shaped by human involvedment(built environments). Tells us the story of the culture or place

EG signs in quebec are in english and french so that they can retain their french canadian heritage

Things making up cultural landscapes

religion: houses of worship, arhitectural style, cemetries, food taboos

Linguistic: signage, accent

Gender spaces: areas where particular genders are considered welcome or unwelcome. ex in traditional cultures, you wouldn’t have women in a workspace

sequent occupance

successive societies leave their cultural imprints on the place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

type of architecture

traditional(vernacular): uses local materials and knowledge. Buildings are simple and practical

Postmodern: started in the 1960s. Buildings are more artistic and also reflect the local culture

Modern architecture: functoinal, rational, and orderly building design`

physical landscape

all natural physical surroundings that create and shape teh places we are living in or examining(not built environment)

placelessness

the feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment. Causes local distinctiveness to be erased so that many places have the same cultural landscape

sacred spaces

natural or human made sites that have religious meaning

secular

when something becoes less influenced by religion

subculture

people with distinct norms, values, and practices that distinguish them from the dominant culture. IE goths

iconclasm

destruction of statues, monuments, plaques, and others

sense of place

a person’s perception of a place; the distinctiveness of a place

placemaking

efforst to use adn design publc places to better serve the needs of the community and foster a stronger community

centripetal vs cetrifugal forces

centripetal: a force that brings people together and unifies a community

centrifugal: a force that threatens the cohesion of a community

secularization

the process in which religion becomes a less odminant force in everyday life than it was in the past

absorbing vs permeable barrier

absorbing: halts diffusion

Permeable: slow diffusion but still allow for partial or weakened diffusion. More common

pidgin

a trade language that has very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least 2 groups

creole

a pidgin language that got a fuller vocabulary and has beomc the native language of its speakers IE hawaiin creole

creolization

the linguitsic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication. Usually when a colonizer’s language mixes with the indigenous language.

lingua franca

a language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue

bilingualism

ability to speak 2 languages fluently

empire

a sovereign poltical entity that seeks to expand beyond their orgin land to control lmore territory politically or economically

imperialism vs colonialism

imperialism: the motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory

colonlialism: the act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes a colony

genocide

the systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic groups

dialects

variations of a standard lagnuage along regional or ethnic lines

categorized by spelling, vocab, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, pace of speech

isogloss

the boundary between the speaking of different dialects

silent trade and columbian trade

silent trade: silent barter system in early Africa when they didn’t have a common language or pidgin

columbian trade: trade with the new world

time-space convergence

the introduction of new transporation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between two places

endangered languages and exintct languages

endangered: not taught to children by parents; not activtely used in daily matters

extinct: no speakers or only a few elderly speakers

language hotspots

places with teh most unique, midunderstood, or endangered languages

convergence hypothesis

idea that cultures are converging(becoming more alike)

glocalization

adopting global practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences

Christiainity

Roman Catholicism(heart is Rome): churches are ornate, Southern Europe, southern america

Eastern Orthodox: churches have domes with a cross, in eastern europe

Protestant(started because Martin Luther wrote complaints on the door of a church. They protested roman catholicism which created a break. Solidified by King Henry VII’s church of England): churches are more modest, northern europe. north america

Dead in churches

universalizing; biggest in area and adherents(asia and africa are fastest growing)

islam

Mosques(domes and minarets-tall slender towers)

Crescent moon and star

No statues of people as that’s disrespectful to Allah

bury their dead in cemeteries

mostly in the desrt of Asia and north america and in the humid tropics

Fastest growig religion in terms of new followers because of missionary success in sub-saharan africa that has high birth rates

Muslims

Qur’an

Sharia: islamic law

Five pillars: allah, pray 5 times, give zakat to the poor, fast during Ramadan, make 1 pilgrimmage to Meca

Shi’a and Sunni Muslims

jewish

synagogues(Star of David)

bury in cemeteries

ethnic religion so anyone born from a jewish mother is jewish. Conversion is discouraged

First major monothesistic religion from southwestern asia

Torah

Historic diasporas meant that judaism is a miniority everywhere it goes

Ashkenazim: lived in germany and france before migrating to central and eastern europe

Mizrachim: never left middle east and north africa

sephardim: from spain and portugal 

buddhist

symoblizes the five elements(fire, earth, air water, wisdom)

stupas in thailand(house relics)

Pagodas in Japan(inspire inner and outer peace)

traditionally cremate

child of Hindhiusm(share beliefs like dharma-harmonious and eternal truth- reincarnation, ahimsa-nonviolence)

reach nirvana(personal englightenment stemming from the quelling of desire) to become buddhas

most widespread in south and east asia

tends to merge with native religions

dharma wheel(noble 8fold path)

hinduism

mandirs(very ornate): communal houses of worship

Typically worship everyday at home at shrines

cremate

polytheistic: supreme god is Brahman but he has many different manifestionations

dharma: harmonious and eternal truth

reincarnation

karma; ahimsa(nonviolence) to most hindus are vegetarian

moksha: liberatonf rom reincarnation when you are pure

Majority in india, nepal, and mauritus

sikh

gurdwaras(punjabi for residence of the Guru. The guru is a book of sikh scriptures)

Usually have the sikh flag

cremate

cultural hearth

a focused geogrpahical area where important innovations are born and from which they spread

language families

`a group of related languages that share a common ancestry

dialect

a regional variation of a language that can be understood by people who speak different variations of the same language

accent

a way of pronouncing words

monotheistic vs polytheistic

monotheistic: belief in one god(EX Judaism, Islam, Christianity)

polytheistic: belief in multiple gods(EX hindhuism)

universalitizing religion vs ethnic religion

universalizing: activitely seeks new members and believes its message has a universal importance and application

ethnic: identifies with a specific ethnic or tribal group; does not seek converts

pagans

those who follow an unocnventional religion

proselytic

a religon who spreads through missionary work

Semetic Religious Hearth

home of the 3 great monothesistic religions(Christianity, judaism, Islam); arose from the people speaking semetic rlanguage in the middle east

indus-gangas religious hearth

plain along the northern edge of the indian subonctinent; hinduism and buddhism

east asian religious hearth

confucianism and taoism; adopted thorughout China once promoted by chinese elites and spread thorugh trad enad military conquest

indo european language family

largest, most widespread language family. 7 out of the 10 most spoken languages(not includes mandarin, arabic and indonesian)

Anatolian hypothesis: began in anatolia and spread becasue of plant domestication, wide criticized

kurgan hypothesis: militaristi kurgans on horseback overtook agricultural societies

sino tibetian language family

china and southeast asia(himalayas and northeast india)

afro asiatic language family

North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia. It includes key languages like Arabic, Amharic, Somali, Hausa, and Hebrew, divided into six main branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic.

toponyms

names given to places

specific: HUNTS-ville

generic: tells what kind of place hunts-VILLE

abrahamic religions

worship abraham, the three monothesistic religionsc

judeo-christian

beliefs and practices shared between jews and christians

animism

fiath in the idea that souls exist in humans and natural phenomena(entities of the natural environment)

shaman: tribal religious figure

EX shinto kamis

architecutre usuallly wood and stone

sacrifices common

ethnially exclusive and traditions are orally passed down

acculturation vs assimilation

acculturation: occurs when an ethnic or immigrant group ADOPTS enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially (EX an immigrant learning anew immigrant to help get a better job)

assimilation: when an ethinic or immigrant group BLENDS IN with the host culture and LOSES many culturally distinctive traits(commonly as a result of INTERMARRIAGE)

transculturation

when people adopt elements of other cultures as well as contributing elements of their own culturews

transforms both cultures

cultural syncretism

blends beliefs, practices, and traits. ESP in religious ocntexts

syncretic vs orthodox religions

syncretic: religions that combine elements of two or more belief systems

orthodox: emphasizes purity of fiath; does not blend with other belief systems

pattern of baptists, methodists, lutherans, and catholics in the US

• Baptists and Methodists (The South): Baptists, particularly Southern Baptists, are the predominant group throughout the "Bible Belt," which stretches across the South. Methodists also have a strong presence in the South and lower Midwest, often forming a "thin red line" of influence in the upper South.

• Catholics (Bordering Mexico & North/West): While Catholicism is widespread, it is the dominant, highest-practicing denomination along the U.S.-Mexico border (especially in Texas and New Mexico) due to Hispanic Catholic populations. It is also the plurality in the Northeast, West Coast, and parts of the Midwest.

• Lutherans (Near Canada): Lutheranism is heavily concentrated in the Upper Midwest—specifically Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas—due to historical immigration patterns from Scandinavia and Germany.
  
  

pattern of religion in africa

northern africa: muslim

sub saharan: christian

countries that colonized

Primary European Colonial Powers

• British Empire: Controlled a massive global empire, including India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Hong Kong.

• French Empire: Dominated West and North Africa (Algeria, Senegal, Ivory Coast), Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), Haiti, and French Guiana.

• Spanish Empire: Colonized most of South and Central America, Mexico, the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.

• Portuguese Empire: Focused on Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, and trading ports in India and Asia (Goa, Macau).

• Dutch Empire (Netherlands): Dominated Indonesia (Dutch East Indies), Suriname, and parts of the Caribbean.

• German Empire: Colonized Namibia, Cameroon, Tanzania (German East Africa), and Rwanda.

• Italian Empire: Controlled Libya, Eritrea, and parts of Somalia.

• Belgian Empire: Controlled the Democratic Republic of Congo.

  National Geographic +6

Significant Non-European Colonizers

• Japan: Colonized Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, and parts of Southeast Asia in the late 19th/early 20th century.

• United States: Colonized the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and expanded across North America.

  Wikipedia +4

religions of the main colonizers

• British Colonies: Heavily Protestant. New England was dominated by Puritans (Congregationalists), while Virginia and the South were predominantly Anglican (Church of England). Pennsylvania was a refuge for Quakers.

• Spanish Colonies: Exclusively Roman Catholic. Spain was committed to spreading Catholicism through missions in areas like Florida and the Southwest.

• French Colonies: Primarily Roman Catholic. France aimed to establish Catholic missions and settlements in Canada and Louisiana.

• Dutch Colonies: Primarily Dutch Reformed (Calvinist), though they were known for greater religious tolerance, allowing for a mix of Lutherans, Quakers, and Jews.

maryland religion

haven for roman catholics originally