Biology 161 - Exam 2 Vocabulary - Carbohydrates and Proteins
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30 Terms
Monosaccharide
a simple sugar monomer
Disaccharide
two linked monosaccharides
Oligosaccharide
multiple linked monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
many monosaccharides, linked by covalent bonds into a polymer
Glycosidic Bond/Linkage
a covalent bond between a monosaccharide and another sugar or another molecule
Glucose
C6H12O6, a key monosaccharide
Glycogen
a branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary short-term storage form of glucose in animal cells
Cellulose
fibrous complex carb/polysaccharide made of thousands of glucose units linked together
Polymers
molecule or macromolecule composed of many repeating monomer units
Monomer
a single molecular unit
Condensation Reaction
how many biological polymers are formed, a reaction that removes water and creates a covalent bond
Hydrolysis Reaction
How many biological polymers are broken, water is added and a covalent bond is broken
Amino Group
H2N
Carboxyl Group
COOH
Non-Variable Group
Amino group, central carbon, and carboxyl group (NCC)
Variable Group
Group that can change depending on the function of the protein (attached to central carbon)
R-Group/Side Chain
Variable region
Peptide Bond
the covalent bond between amino acids
N-Terminus
the end of a protein that has an amino group
C-Terminus
the end of a protein that has a carboxyl group
Primary Structure
the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide formed by covalent bonds between amino acids
Secondary Structure
formed by hydrogen bonds between the non-variable parts of non-adjacent amino acids
Tertiary Structure
determined by interactions and bonds between side chains within on polypeptide
Quaternary Structure
determined by interactions between different amino acids in different polypeptides
Enzyme
usually proteins, speed up chemical reactions
Substrate
a molecule acted upon by an enzyme (reactant)
Product
what results from a reaction
Active Site
where substrates bind to the enzyme
Catalyst
substances that speed chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
Induced Fit
once an enzyme binds to a substrate, it undergoes a shape change that leads to a more optimal binding