Madeline Maxwell- GEO exam 1 review

The original meaning of geology refers to...

rocks

Historically modern geology was first established by...

James Hutton

what was the main question early geologist were trying to solve in the 18th century?

the age of the earth

True or False: Today, geologists study only the earth

false

a way of knowing a natural phenomenon

science

what latin word means knowledge

scientia

how many years ago was the beginning of science

5000 years ago; 3000 BC

what does science seek?

a theoretical explanation aka Hypothesis

The great explosion of scientific discoveries, thoughts, and technology

1543

The earliest innovator forthe 'scientific method'

Galileo Galilei

True or false: The 'modern geology' started after the 'scientificrevolution'.

true

what animals can we study scientifically?

dinosaurs

who can be considered as the earliest scientists?

Ancient Egyptians

True or False: Science can always tell the truth?

false

a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks

geology

a study of the solid matter of a celestial body (as the moon) (including other planets!)

geology

Astronomers think the universe started

with the Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago.

Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars

Terrestrial planets

Jupitar - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune

Giant planets

air and gasses

atmosphere

water, ice and clouds

Hydrosphere

organisms and related environments

biosphere

earths rocky surface- plate

lithosphere

83% volume ofEarth

Several different layers

Mostly dark, dense igneous rocks

rich in iron and magnesium

Mantle

Solid inner core,& liquid outer core

iron and a small amount of nickel

Core

crust that is 20-90km thick

continental crust

crust that is 5-10km thick

Oceanic crust

solid upper mantleand crust

Lithosphere

part of upper mantle

behaves plastically and slowly flows

Asthenosphere

The buoyant condition of the Earth's crust floating in the asthenosphere.

Isostacy

Lithosphere is broken into individualpieces or plates

Plate Tectonic Theory

Two main data sources for learning earth and life histories

rocks and fossils

Atomic mass number

number of protons +number of neutrons

is changing atomic mass (weight) ofradioactive elements (in certain time)

Radioactive decay

the study of therecord of the Earth'smagnetic field inigneous (and somesedimentary) rocks.

Paleomagnetism (aka. paleomag)

pioneer of paleomagnetism

Harry H. Hess

What is the oldest period in the geologic time scale?

Paleozoic

What is the best data source for estimating the age of earth?

rocks

In geology, the age of the earth is estimated to be about....

4.6 Ma

T or F: The fossil record indicates dinosaurs lived in the Precambrian

False

T or F: Rock layers can provide 'absolute age' of the rocks

False

T or F: Radioactive decay can give us data of 'absolute age' for thegeologic time scale.

True

what layer is Key for earthquake, continental drift, mountain building, and volcanoes

Lithosphere

Astronomers think the universe started about.... Ba.

13.8

Which planets consists of solid rocks?

Mars

What are the best example for the lithosphere?

oceanic crusts

T or F: The Moon formed 'before' the Earth

False

T or F: Continental crusts are generally 'thicker' than oceanic crusts

True

T or F: Differences between oceanic crusts and continental crusts can beexplained by the concept of 'isostasy'.

True

In the Earth system, the status of asthenosphere is generally thought to be.... .

plastic

In the Earth system, which layer has the largest amount ofvolume?

mantle

What is the inner-most layer in the Earth structure?

core

T or F: Asthenosphere is a part of mantle

true

T or F: Differentiation refers to the buoyancy of crusts on the asthenosphere.

False

The hypothesis of continental drift was proposed by

Alfred Wegener

all continents were once joined into a single landmass,'Pangaea', that broke apart.

The hypothesis of continental drift

Wegener's evidence in rocks

Matching mountain ranges and Matching glacial evidence

Additional evidence:

fossils

Three key plates for Geo 101

Juan de FucaPlate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate

earthquakes, volcanoes, sea-floor spreading, GPS, (more) fossils

Further evidence: after Wegener

German (1880-1930)meteorologist, Establishing the hypothesisof continental drift, Named 'Pangaea' the singlesuper-continent in past

Alfred Wegener

a fluid dynamics due to the density differences within gas and liquid, creating falling and rising currents

Convection cells

What kind(s) of evidence Wegener did NOT have to support his idea of continental drift?

paleomagnetism

Wegener was a professional for living.

meteorologist

What is the mechanism for plate tectonics?

convection cells

T or F: Wegener's idea on 'continental drift' is generallyconsidered as a 'theory'.

true

T or F: After Wegener publish the book about continental drift,other geologists immediately accepted the idea.

false