animal nutrition proteins and minerals redo

Zinc deficiency

Dermatitis ,specific skin lesions ,retarded growth, lowered feed utilization , alopecia hair loss

zin deficiency in chicks

slow growth , keratosis of the skin

selenium

toxici effect on grazing animals ( white muscle disease)

selenium deficiencies

8 mortality of newborn lams and calves, white muscle disease lambs and calves, exhudative diathesis in chicks,liver necrosis

Protein

Antibodies,carriers in blood, structural elements of the body ,hair, wool etc

proteins comprise

80% of dry, fat free body

proteins contain

C,H ,O

Proteins also contain

N

The Protein N

content is 16% for estimating the protein content of tissue and feedstuff

classifications of proteins

simple proteins, conjugated proteins,

simple proteins are

yielding only amino acids or hydrolysis

conjugated proteins

simple proteins combined with non- protein radical

nucleoproteins

one or more protein molecules with nucleic acid; high in germs of seed and in glandular tissue and liver, RNA

glycoproteins

protein molecule and a p containing subtancec, containing carbohydrate group; mucin in saliva is an example

phosphoprotein

protein molecule and a p containing substance other than a nucleic acid or lecithin eg; casein

Metalloprotein

Protein molecule and a metal; cytochrome oxidase hemoglobin

lipoprotein

protein molecule and a lipid; cell membrane

derived proteins

consist of altered and degraded products of naturally occurring proteins , produced by action of heat, enzymes, or chemical agents

protein may show up in the form of

amino acids

Amino Acids

Amino acids are the end product of protein digestion, they are the building blocks for the body protein

how many different amino acids are there

25 different amino acids present in proteins

amino acids are released by

hydrolysis by strong acids or bases by the action of certain proteolytic enzymes

neutral amino acids consist of

monamine mococarboxylic acids , monoamine dicarboxylic acids, diamond mono carboxylic acids, sulfur containing amino acids.

monoamino monocarboxylic acids

glycine, alanine, serine,valine,leucine,isoleucine,threonine

monoamino diacarboxylic acid

asparatic acid , glutamic acid

diamino mono carboxylic acid

Arginine , lysine, citrulline

Sulfur containing amino acids

cystine, cysteine, methionine

Aromatic amino acids

phenylalanine , tyrosine

Heterocyclic amino acids

Histidine, proline, hydroxyproline,tryptophan

Amino acids and proteins are

amphoteric, behave as acids and as bases since they contain at least one carboxyl group and one amino group

10 amino acids as dietary essentials

must be contained in the diet consumed ( methionine, arginine,threionin, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine)

In poultry

Glycine and Serine are needed

two aspects of protein nutrition quality are

quantitive phase, qualitative phase

quanatative phase

the gross number of amino acids present in the feedstuffs

qualities phase

the proper balance of essential amino acids to meet the animals needs, the balance of essential amino acids is refer to as protein quality

protein digestion in non ruminants

recreation,gastric juice, pancreatic juice,intestinal juice

gastric juice

pepsinogen I II — Pepsin ,parapepsin I , Perapepsin II

Minerals

structural component of teeth bones, cofactors for enyzmes, constituents of essential components in body, constituents of body fluids like blood.

mineral deficiencies

sub optimal amount in feed , imbalance of another mineral ,any condition which increases rate of passage , A metabolic antagonist which causes animal to require more dietary mineral

Mineral excretion routes

Some almost entirely in feces, some in urine, some both routes, some lost in sweat, F ay be lost due to blood loss

Many minerals are involved in a process called

Chelaton

Chelation

A chelating agent, or chelator, will bind a mineral to varying degrees. Isolating minerals from interactions with compounds

Nutritionally

May bind trace elements in diet and then release them at site where needed, prevents other interactions during digestion

Medical Functions

Remove certain isotopes or poison from the body 6 binds them, then the complex is excreted

natural chelators

hemoglobin

Calcium

One of the most important minerals of the body

Adequate calcium and phosphorus depends on 3 factors

sufficient supply of Ca & p, suitable ratio between the TWO 1:1-2:1, the presence of vitamin D

Distribution

99% Ca and 80% P in bones and teeth + major structural component

Bone formation occurs in

Occurs In soft tissue such as blood serum, muscle, tissues. represents 1% of calcium

Calcium Absorption

Regardless of the form ingested , absorption depends on its solubility at the point of contact with absorbing membranes, absorption occurs primarily in proximal portions gut, factors conducive to Ca absorption

calcium exit route is

feces route

Calcium Deficiency

reduced growth, especially bone, hyper irritability and tetany, poor reproductive perfoemcne , rickets,ostemaalacia

calcium rickets

growing bones that tend to bend under wight of animal

osteomalacia

Occurs in adult bone, involves a softening of the bone due to a decrease in mineral content . Slow drain over time may lead to weakness, deformity,spontaneous fractures

calcium defecniency in swine and poultry

Are most likely to be deficient in calcium due to their very rapid growth rate and their diets, grains and proteins concentrates are lower in calcium than roughages

Phosphorus

physiologically and biochemically it is one of the most important minerals

phosphorus distribution

80% of p is in bone, whole blood 35-45mg,inorganic p in plasma 4-9mk

Phosphorus functions

Bone formation 80% phosphorus in bone, remaining 20% involves ed in most organic reactions as an enzyme

phosphorus functions

necessary for phosphorylations in CHO metabolism, energy transfers - NAD, constituents of ATP, constituents nucleoproteins , phosphoproteins, DNA, RNA,

phosphorus deficiencies

Decreased growth, decreased bone growth, rickets or osteomalacia ,pica

Phosphorus deficiency PICA

Pica occurs in grain animals 6 fragile bones, lameness, low fertility, also known as depraved appetite;

In young confined calves

Problems are usually dye to lack of vitamin D

magnesium distribution

About 70% of the body supply is in skeleton, remainder or 30% is distributed in body fluids and tissue, blood normally 2-3mg, about 1/3 of skeletal Mg.

Magnesium Functions

Bone formation, enzyme activator (ex. Pyryvate), Helps decrease nerve irritability

magnesium absorption site

Small intestine for all animals and also the rumen of ruminants, mechanisms +active transport of stubble Mg salts.

Magnesium deficiencies

Low blood Mg , vasodilation, hyper irritability convulsions and death. Grass tetany

Low magnesium levels =

Nervousness, loss of appetite, trembling, convulsions, coma, death

Sulfur is bound organically

Body contains 0.15% sulfur, containing amino acids, cystine and methionine

sulfur is

Most present in amino acids, small amount is present in inorganic sulfate, another portion is present in various organic compounds; insulin and glutathione

sodium mineral

has 0.2% Na mostly in body fluids

sodium occurrence makes up

93% of bases in blood serum

sodium absorption

rapidly absorbed from small intestines, small amount from stomach

sodium functions

ostmotic pressure regulation- helps maintain norm H2O

Sodium deficiencies include

Decreased feed consumption, poor growth and production , emaciation or wasting away

potassium

contains 0.2%, occurs primarily in intracellular fluid, absorption- small intestine.

potassium functions

osmotic pressure, acid base balance, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, enzyme cofactor

potassium deficiency is

reduced growth, heart lesions, tubular degeneration of kidneys , K deficiency during pregnancy

chlorine

inside and outside cells

chlorine functions

Osmotic pressure, acid base balance, gastric recreation in stomach as free HCI and as salts

chlorine absorption

Small intestine, excretion is in kidney

Iron

70% of iron is found in form of hemoglobins thus most iron is bound organically in body

iron absorption

Absorbed only when body is deficient in mineral

iron factors influencing absorption

Acid condtion, adequate dietary protein, body need for iron, low physic acid level in diet , histidine and lysine

functions of iron

Cytochrome, peroxidase,catalase b

iron deficiency

Anemia

Iron anemia

Pathological , hemorrhagic, hereditary, nutritional

copper functions

Hemogoblin synthesis , important as a catalyst .

copper functions

activates certain enzymes such as ascorbic acid oxidase

copper deficiencies

wastin diss, enzootic ataxia, falling disease of cattle, nutritional anemia, grain of black hair and wool

wasting disease

characterized diarrheas loss of appetite and anemia

enzootic ataxia

this occurs in newborns lams and is associated with low copper content of the dam during pregnancy.

falling disease of cattle

very similar to enzootic ataxia of sheep and is characterized by falling and sudden death

nutritional anemia

characterized by microcytic , hypo chromic has been observed on Cu.

graying of black hair and wool

failure of melanin formation ( no tyrosinase )

Cobalt functions

Constituent of the vitamin B -12 molecule, can also serve as enzyme co favor

cobalt deficiency symptoms

listless, weak, loss of appetite and weight, Anemic

cobalt bullet

Extremely hard pellet of a cobalt compound , last several months

iodine

a constituent thyroxine hormone

hypothyroid condition

low thryxoic recreation low metabolic rate

hyperthyroid

high thyroxin, high metabolic rate, hyper practical