AP World History Pt. 4

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Manorialism / Manor System

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Agrarian

concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

Serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Knights

in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

Code of Chivalry

a set of rules that knights followed stating that he was brave and would obey his lord.

Christian Monasteries

-Center for knowledge and learning

-Preserved latin and greek classics, like beowulf and many more

-Monks copied manuscripts by hand - no printing press

Monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centers of Learning in Medieval Europe)

Mergery Kempe

Margery Kempe was an English Christian mystic, known for writing through dictation The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language.

Hanseatic League

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.

100 Years War

England vs. France; France won; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

** Mostly spread through merchants along trade routes

Deadly disease that spread across Asia, north Africa, & Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people(1/3 of European population)

Began with infected fleas

Fleas traveled on rats and on people

First from the Mongols, then to China and rest of Asia, then to Europe through Italy

Spread through:

Trade, conquest, uncleanliness (gross)

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Fourth Crusade

A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Spanish Inquisition

A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom.

Alhambra Decree

Ordered the Jews to leave Spain on pain of death in 1492

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Elizabethan Age

The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England, from 1558 to 1603.

30 Years War

(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Timar System

the idea of feudalism (land for service)

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

Tax Farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

Mehmed the Conqueror

(r.1451-1481), he captured Constantinople in 1453, which later became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital; Ruled with an absolute monarchy and centralized his power; Expanded into Serbia, Greece, and Albania (attacked Italy).

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims

Suleiman the Magnificent

Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law.

Safavid Empire

Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Shiite Muslims

Muslims that believe only descendants of Muhammad and his son-in-law Ali should rule

School of Isfahan

School of Islamic philosophy in the Safavid empire

Direct Taxation

Taxation imposed on people's income or wealth, and on firms' profits.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Shah Abbas

Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire

Mughal Empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s

Sati

the traditional practice of burning a widow on her husband's funeral pyre; outlawed in 1829, though it still occurs rarely

Purdah/Veiling

an empowerment tool, to exercise their rights to access public space for education and economic independence.

Harem

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Akbar the Great

known for religious tolerance. grandson of Babur who created a strong central government

Din-i Ilahi (Divine Faith)

A syncretic religion created by Akbar which stressed loyalty to the emperor.

Zamindari System

zamindars were local government officials who collected taxes, upheld laws for the Mughals

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Decline of Gunpowder Empires

-pressure from European trading companies

-competition among heirs (harem politics)

-weak/ corrupt leadership

-falling behind in naval and military advancements

-financial burdens from expansion fell on peasants who in turn revolted

-religious conflicts

+Ottoman Sunnis and Safavid Shias

+Mughal Hindus and Muslims

Janissary Revolt

1807-08 CE

Mughal-Safavid War

The Mughal-Safavid War of 1649-1653 was fought between the Mughal and Safavid empires in the territory of modern Afghanistan. While the Mughals were at war with the Janid Uzbeks, the Safavid army captured the fortress city of Kandahar and other strategic cities that controlled the region.