Drugs Used in Cardiovascular System Disorders

Approximately ________ of all dogs presented in veterinary clinics exhibit some degree of heart disease

11%

Two dorsal chambers: ________

Atria

Two ventral chambers: __________

Ventricles

Characterized by rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell through channels or "gates"

Depolarization

Amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping per minute

Cardiac Output

what is determined in part by the amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole, called the preload?

Stroke volume

Arterial resistance that the ventricle must pump against is called the _________

Afterload

Increasing the heart rate =

increases cardiac output

increasing stroke volume =

increased force of contraction

Most disorders that respond to pharmacologic therapy fall into what categories?

valvular disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial disease

What occurs when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate cardiac output?

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

what drug is known to Improve cardiac contractility, decreased heart rate, antiarrhythmic effects, and decreased signs of dyspnea

Digoxin

Digoxin is what type of cardiac drug?

Cardiac glycosides

Increase force and rate of muscular contraction of the heart, constrict peripheral blood vessels, and elevate blood glucose levels?

Catecholamines

Cardiac resuscitation and anaphylaxis and is a catecholamine.

Epinephrine

a catecholamine that is a precursor of norepinephrine and used in anesthetic emergencies.

Dopamine

What catecholamine is used in acute cases of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Dobutamine

What drug Increases calcium sensitivity and balanced vasodilation and is an inotropic and mixed dialator?

Pimobendan

What is another name for Pimobendan?

Vetmedin

Amrinone (short term) and Milrinone (long term) are part of what class of cardiovascular drugs?

Positive inotropic drugs

Pick a Drug: Acute cardiac arrest / Anaphylaxis

Epinephrine

Pick a Drug: Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) / Mitral Valve Disease needing balanced vasodilation and contraction strength

Pimobendan (Vetmedin)

Pick the Drug: Emergency anesthetic hypotension needing dopamine precursor

Dopamine

What class of anti arrhythmic drugs depresses myocardial excitability and prolong the refractory period?

Class IA

What class of anti arrhythmic drugs stabilize myocardial cell membranes

Class IB

What usually result in reduced cardiac output caused by the poorly coordinated pumping activity?

Arrhythmias

What class IB drug controls VPCs, and ventricular tach?

Lidocaine

What drugs are examples of Class IB anti arrhythmia drugs?

Quinidine and procainamide

What drugs are examples of Class IA anti arrhythmia drugs?

tocainide, and mexiletine

What Class II beta blocker treats HCM and arrhythmias?

Proppranolol

What Class II beta blocker treats supraventricular (atrial) tachyarrhythmias, VPCs, hypertension and cardiomyopathy?

Atenolol

Carvedilol, Esmolol, and Metoprolol are examples of what class of antiarrthymia drugs?

Class II: Beta blockers

Supraventricular tach, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation, Verapamil hydrochloride and diltiazem are examples of what class of antiarrhythmia drugs?

Class IV: Calcium channel blockers

Vasodilator drugs: Arterial vasodilator

Hydralazine

Vasodilator drugs: Venous vasodilator

Nitroglycerin ointment

Vasodilator drugs: Mixed vasodialator

Prazosin and Nitroprusside

What mixed vasodilator drug Acts as vasodilators and may be used in the treatment of Stage B, C, and D heart failure?

ACE (angiotension-converting enzyme)

What vasodilator is also known as Enacard and given BID?

Enalapril

What vasodilator drugs are known to be given only once a day?

Benazepril and Lisinopril

A diuretic that is very powerful and is the most important and efficacious diuretic for removing edema from animals with heart failure?

Furosemide (Lasix)

What type of drug reduces the harmful effects of CHF?

Diuretics

What diuretic is Potassium sparing diuretic that can be used as an add-on to furosemide therapy. Usually not used as a sole agent?

Spironolactone

T/F Spironolactone is usually used by itself opposed to with other agents.

False

Cardiac diets should be highly ______ and easily _________.

Digestible; Metabolized

What drug is primarily used to reduce the tendency for clot formation?

Aspirin

What procedures are performed prn to improve breathing?

Thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis

Bronchodilators, Oxygen therapy, and Sedation are all forms of what type of treatment of heart failure?

Ancillary

T/F Using Furosemide as the primary diuretic to clear acute pulmonary edema in a dog with CHF

True

T/F Handling Nitroglycerin ointment with bare hands as long as you wash them immediately after.

False

T/F Giving Aspirin to cats with HCM to reduce the risk of saddle thrombus formation under strict veterinary guidance.

True