Ch. 2 Surface Anatomy : Identifying Extraoral & Introral Structures

How does the surface anatomy relate to the deeper anatomy of the head and neck?

The features of the surface anatomy provide essential landmarks for the deeper anatomic structures that will be examined and discussed in subsequent chapters.

What region includes the forehead and area above the eyes?

Frontal region

Where is the supraorbital ridge located?

Directly inferior to each eyebrow

What is the smooth elevated area between the eyebrows termed?

Glabella

The glabella in flatter in

Childrem & adult females

The Glabella has a more rounded prominence in

Adult males

List the two head regions that are covered by the scalp.

Parietal & occipital region

What head region contains the temple?

temporal region

What head region contains the external ear?

auricular region

What is the oval flap of the external ear termed and what does it collect?

External acoustic meatus, sound waves

Through what tube are sound waves transmitted?

external acoustic meatus

What is the superior and posterior free margin of the auricle termed and where is it usually located?

Helix, superior and posterior free margin of the auricle & ends inferiorly at lobule

What is the inferior free margin of the auricle termed and where is it approximately located?

Lobule, inferior portion of the free margin of the auricle

What part of the auricle is found anterior to the external acoustic meatus?

tragus

What part of the auricle is found posterior to the external acoustic meatus?

antitragus

What are the important landmarks when taking certain radiographs & administering certain local anesthesia

external acoustic meatus, tragus

Inflammation or infection of external ear (swimmers ear)

Otitis externa

Inflammation or bacterial infection of middle ear or glue ear-fever, change in appetite, pain, pt will pull/rub ears

Otitis media

In what facial region are the eyeball and all its supporting structures located?

Oribital region

What is the bony socket of the eyeball termed?

orbit

What is the usual location of the eyes in relationship to the vertical height of the head, as well as the eye's usual width?

Near the midpoint of the vertical height and width of each eye is usually the same as the distance between the eyes

The white area of the eye is termed?

sclera

What disease causes the sclera to have a yellowing effect

hepatits

What causes yellowing discoloration of skin, sclera, and mucous membrane

Jaundice (aka icterus)

What is the central area of coloration of the eye termed?

Iris

What is the opening in the center of the area of coloration termed and how does it respond to light?

Pupil, shrink

What structure(s) coves and protects each eyeball?

upper & lower eyelids

Where are the lacrimal glands located and what do they produce?

behind each upper eyelid & deep within the orbit, lacrimal fluid (tears)

The delicate and thin membrane lining the inside of the eyelids and the front of the eyeballs is termed?

conjunctiva

The inner and outer corners of the eyes are termed?

lateral & medial canthus

Where is the root of the nose located?

between the eyes inferior to the glabella

What is the midpoint landmark of the nasal region and what bony structure is located inferior to it?

Nasion, bridge of the nose

Why is the apex of the nose flexible?

It is formed from cartilage

What is another term for nostril?

naris

What midline structure separates the nostrils?

nasal septum

What are the winglike cartilaginous structures located laterally to the nostrils termed and what is their width in relationship to the eyes or the space between the eyes?

Ala, same width as one eye or space between the eye

What are the landmarks of the nasal region?

nasion and alae(ala)

The facial region inferior to each eye and lateral to the nasal region is termed?

infraorbital region

The facial region that overlies the cheekbone is termed?

zygomatic region

What is the landmarks of the zygomatic region?

temporomandibular joint or TMJ

State another term for the cheek bone and discuss its location in relationship to the eye and ear.

Zygomatic, inferior to the lateral margin of the eye and anterior to the external ear

Name the structure where the upper skull forms a joint with the lower jaw

tempormandibular joint

What region contains the soft tissue of the cheek and what part of the face is it located in relationship to the nose, mouth, and ear?

Buccal region, superior to the mouth, anterior to the ear, inferior to the nose

What muscle is used when a patient clenches their teeth together?

Masseter muscle

What part of lower jaw is inferior to the earlobe?

angle of mandible

What are the landmarks of the buccal region?

Masseter muscle, angle of the mandible

What is the term used when describing the division of the face into thirds?

vertical dimension of the face (golden proportions)

What is the darker appearance of the surrounding skin of the lips is termed

vermilion zone (lipstick)

What is the vertical groove on the skin superior to the midline of the upper lip termed and what is inferior to it on the termination of the midline of the upper lip?

Philtrum, tubercle of upper lip

The corners of the mouth are termed?

labial commissure

What groove on the facial surface separates the lower lip from the chin in the mental region?

labiomental groove

Where is a common place of cosmetic filler in the oral region for older individuals?

nasolabial sulcus

How do you palpate the lips?

bidigitally

The inside of the mouth is termed?

oral cavity

The upper jaw is termed?

maxilla

The lower jaw is termed?

mandible

Structures closest to the tongue are termed?

lingual

Structures closest to the palate are termed?

palatal

Structures closest to the inner cheek are termed?

buccal

State two terms that can be used to describe structures closest to the facial surface or lips.

Facial, labial

What membrane lines the oral cavity?

oral mucosa

What lines each of the lips?

labial mucosa (pink)

What is the specific membrane lining of the inner check and what does it cover?

buccal mucosa (buccal fat pad)

What tissue allows taste sensations?

specialized

Keratinized tissue found in areas of higher stress within the mouth

masticatory

On the inner cheek, what is the elevated tissue near the maxillary second molar and what does it contain?

parotid papilla , parotid salivary gland

Where is one of the first locations a calculus former will accumulate build up?

buccal surface

What are the upper and lower horseshoe-shaped spaces between the cheeks, lips, and gums termed?

vestibules

Deep within each space between the cheeks, lips, and gums, what is the term for the tissue lining it

vestibular fornix

What fold of tissue is located at the midline between the membrane lining the lips?

labial frenum

Using the correct terms, describe how the maxillary and mandibular teeth relate to each other.

The maxillary anterior teeth overlap the mandibular anterior teeth, and posteriorly, the maxillary cusps overlap the mandibular cusps

Outline the position in relationship to each other of the type of permanent teeth found in each jaw.

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

The gums in general are termed?

gingiva

The gum tissue tightly adhered to the bone around the roots of the teeth is termed?

attached gingiva (paler in color)

The line of demarcation between the firmer and pinker attached tissue and the deeper and redder movable tissue is termed?

mucogingival junction (scallop shaped)

The tissue along the margin of the gums is termed?

marginal gingiva (free gingiva) inner surface not keratinized

The inner surface or space between the tooth and gums is termed?

gingival sulcus

The tissue between the teeth is termed and what tissue is it an extension of?

Interdental gingiva, interdental papilla

Center is not keratinized, most perio infections begin here

Col area

State another term for the roof of the mouth.

palate

The firmer anterior part of the roof of the mouth is termed?

hard palate

The midline ridge of tissue on the roof of the mouth is termed?

median palatine raphe

What is the small bulge of tissue on the roof of the mouth lingual to the maxillary anterior teeth?

incisive papilla

Where is the landmark for nasopalatine block?

incisive papilla/foramen

The firm irregular ridges of tissue on the anterior of the roof of the mouth are termed?

palatine rugae

The softer posterior part of the roof of the mouth is termed?

soft palate

The midline muscular structure that hangs from the softer part of the roof of the mouth is termed?

uvula

What fold of tissue extends from the junction of hard and soft parts of the roof of the mouth down to the lower jaw, just behind the most distal mandibular tooth, which stretches when the patient opens their mouth wider?

pterymandibular fold

What dense pad of tissue is just distal to the last tooth of the lower jaw?

retromolar pad

What is the posterior one-third of the tongue termed?

base

What is the anterior two-thirds of the tongue termed?

body

What is the tip of the tongue termed?

apex

What are the small elevated structures located on the surface of the tongue?

lingual papillae

What is the side of the tongue termed?

lateral surface of tongue

Where are the foliate lingual papillae located and how do they appear?

lateral surface; vertical ridges, light in color, shaped like a leaf (taste buds)

What is the surface of the tongue termed and what is its midline depression?

dorsal, median lingual sulcus

Where are the filiform lingual papillae located and how do they appear?

dorsal surface; slender threadlike, velvety texture (no taste buds)

Where are the fungiform lingual papillae located and how do they appear?

dorsal surface; red mushroom shaped, numerous on apex (sweet/sour taste buds)

What is the 'V'-shaped groove on the surface of the tongue termed and which way does it point and also why is it hard to see clinically?

Sulcus termanalis; backward toward throat, very posteriorly placed

A small pitlike depression found at the point of the 'V'-shaped groove is termed?

foramen cecum