Siya Gokhale Chapter 2: Cytology

What does cytology mean?

The study of cells.

What is the cell theory?

The cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself.

Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?

Matthias Shleiden, Theodore Schwann. Rudolf Virchow.

How are cells limited in size?

The nutrients cannot get in fast enough and was products cannot get out soon enough.

What does pro- mean?

Before

What does karyo- mean?

Nucleus.

What are fimbriae?

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.

What is the nucleoid?

Region where the cells DNA is located.

What does -oid mean?

Resembles

What does eu- mean?

True.

How big are aminal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Animal cells are 100x bigger than prokaryotic cells.

What is the cell membrane?

The plasma membrane enclosing the cell.

What does the cell membrane act as?

The cell membrane acts as a boundary for the cell.

What does semi-permeable mean?

Only some substances can enter or leave the cell.

Describe the phospholipid bo-layer?

It has phospholipids that are either hydrophobic or hydrophilic making sure only some substances pass through.

What does philia mean?

Like or love.

What does phobic mean?

Afraid.

What are microvilli?

Projections that increase the cells surface area.

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

The cytoskeleton.

What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell.

The cell can become toxic.

What do all living things need to be surrounded by?

Fluid.

What is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer?

To separate 2 fluid compartments.

What are embedded proteins?

Glycoproteins that have specific functions.

What are ion channels?

Channels that open and close.

What are transporter (carrier) proteins?

Specific for sugars and amino acids, may require ATP.

What are enzymes?

Catalyze specific reactions.

What are receptor sites?

Specific for certain hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs.

What are recognition sites?

Allow white blood cells to recognize your cells.

What are side effects?

Changes in cellular activity.

What are two immunosuppressant drugs?

Corticosteroids and prednisone.

What is thalidomide?

A drug given to pregnant women to stop morning sickness.

What was the side effect of thalidomide?

Children being born with birth defects such as no limbs.

What is the nucleus?

Contains hereditary information necessary for protein synthesis and control of the cell.

What is the nucleolus?

Location where RNA is stored.

What are chromatin?

Uncoiled DNA.

What are chromosomes?

Coiled DNA.

What is the ER?

A tubular network.

What is the function of the ER?

Transport of chemicals within the cell.

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Location of lipid synthesis.

What is on the rough ER?

Ribosomes.

What are ribosomes?

Location of protein synthesis.

What is the golgi complex?

A stack of flat sacs.

What is the function of the golgi complex?

Temporarily stores chemical substances formed in the ER.

What are vacuoles?

Larger round racks that store substances.

What are vesicles?

Smaller round racks that store substances.

What are lysosomes?

Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes.

What do lysosomes contain?

Digestive enzymes.

Where are lysosomes made?

Golgi complex.

What is autolysis?

Programmed cell death.

What are mitochondria?

Oval structures containing an outer and inner membrane with enzymes.

What is cellular respiration?

The generation of ATP.

What are centrioles?

Microtubules involved in cell division.

Where do you find centrioles?

Only in animal cells.

What are the two organelles for motion?

Cilia and Flagella.

What is the flagella?

Motile tail used for movement.

What are cilia?

Motile hairs used for movement.

Where are two common places that cilia is found?

In the airway of lungs, fallopian tubes.

What is interphase?

Period from when the cell is formed to when it starts to divide.

What is the G1 phase of interphase?

Period of cell growth.

What is the S phase of interphase?

The DNA replicates.

What is the G2 phase of interphase?

Period of cell growth.

What are the four steps in the mitotic phase?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

What is prophase?

Cell prepares to divide.

What is metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell.

What is anaphase?

Chromosomes move apart into opposite ends of the cell.

What is telophase?

Two new nuclei are made.

What is cytokinesis?

Cell constricts into two cells.

How often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining alimentary canal divide?

Continuously throughout life.

What is the alimentary canal?

The continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus.

How often do liver and kidney cells divide?

Only as needed.

How often do muscle and nerve cells divide?

Never.

What does Amniotic mean?

Do not divide.

What are the two types of abnormal cells?

Hyperplasia and neoplasm.

What is hyperplasia?

An increase in number of cells.

What is a neoplasm?

A tumor.

What are malignant tumors knows as?

Cancerous tumors.

What is the end result of meiosis?

Haploid sex cells.

Where does meiosis occur?

Only in diploid cells.

What does karyokinesis mean?

The movement of the nucleus.

What does soma mean?

Soma means body.

What is a karyotype?

A picture with all chromosomes layed out.