Bio Exam 3

Hardest test ever

Phenotype

The expression of the allele combination

Genotype

The genes you have to make a combination of alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

2 different alleles for a trait

Homozygous

2 of the same alles for a trait

Dominant allele

takes over when in precence of another allele

Recessive allele

only expressed when same allele is present

X-linked trait

Phenotype that is determined by X chromosome allele

Recessive X-linked trait

another allele masks X chromosome allele

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygote has an intermediate/mix phenotype

Multiple Allelic trait

3 or more alleles for a trait making multiple combinations possible

Co-dominant trait

both alleles are expressed in phenotype

Polygenic trait

Several genes are involved in making one trait

Multifactuorial trait

Environment influences how genes are expressed

ovaries

Stores and holds eggs, produces estrogen and progesterone

Estrogen

Hormone that regulates the female reproductive system

Progesterone

Hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy

oviduct (Fallopian tubes)

where the egg is fertilized by the sperm

Uterus

Where the fetus develops

Endometrium

Lining in the uterus, provides nutrition during pregnancy

cervix

“neck” of uterus, enterence to the uterus

Vagina

the opening to the female reproductive system (birth canal)

Testes

paired glands that produce sperm, inside the scrotum

scrotum

outside the body for temperature regulation for testes

Testosterone

Hormone that hleps male features and sperm development

Seminiferous tubules

Coiled structure in testes taht sperm develop in

Epididymis

Tubes that the sperm are stored in before ejaculation

Vas Deferens

Paired tubes that carry sperm from testes to urethra

Urethra

Tube that connects bladder to genitals, carries out sperm, both to the outside of the body

IVF (in Vitro Fertilization)

Eggs and sperm are extracted and combined outside the body for fertilization

 Hormones

produced by endocrine glands, are throughout the bloodstream to find target destination

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

starts egg maturation, estrogen production in ovary

Follicle

Structure in ovaries that protect eggs so they can mature

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Triggers ovulation

Ovulation

releasing of an egg from ovary to oviduct

blockages

From cancer, infection, abnormal tissue growth, cysts, fibroids, polyps, both male and female reproductive systems

Menstration

Shedding of the uterine lining when a embryo does not implant

Endometriosis

Tissue lining uterus grows abnormally, invading other tissue in pelvic region

Erectile Dysfunction

No blood flow to tissue to support erection

Testicular Varicose Veins

enlarged veins hurting sperm transport and production

Sperm abnormalities

low number of sperm or physical defects of sperm

IUI (Intrauterine insemination)

Sperm directly injected into the uterus

Punnett Square

Diagram to predict genetic outcomes

Homozygous Recessive

2 non-dominant alleles to make a trait

Homozygous Dominant

2 dominant alleles that make a trait

carrier

Has a gene but it is quiet or unresponsive in them

Autosomes

non sex chromosomes (eye color)

sex chromosome

Determines the biological sex of an organism

Fimbriae

catches the egg that is dropped from the ovaries

cystic Fibrosis

an inherited, chronic genetic disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, pancreas, and other organs by producing abnormally thick, sticky mucus.

SRY gene

On Y chromosome, once turned on it starts making male reproductive system

Gamates

male or female repoductice cell (sperm, egg)

Seminal Vesicles

fluid and sugar that move the sperm through female reproductive system

Bulbouethral glands

Mucus that cleans urine from urethra

Prostate gland

fluid and prostogladins that push sperm farther into the females system

Seminal Fluid

slightly basic pH so it doesn’t die in females reproductive system

spermatogenesis

the biological process by which immature germ cells transform into mature sperm cells

Semen

sperm and seminal fluid

Acrosome

in sperm head, that helps breaks through the egg

Head

holds the nucleus and acrosome in sperm

middle piece

the section that holds the mitochondrion in sperm

Tail

helps sperm swim in females reproductive system

Secondary Sex Characteristics,

physical charactersistics that change during puberty

ICSH (Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone)

Stimulates testosterone production in testes

Testosterone

Hormone that helps male features and sperm development

Sterility

inablilty to produce offspring

Ejaculate

to release sperm

polar bodies

3 possible small eggs that goes with the 1 big one can not be fertilized

Fertilization

the process of sperm entering the egg

Prolactin

Simiulates milk production, suppresses ovulation

Menstrual Cycle Day 1

first day of bleeding

Ovarian Cysts

sac that forms inside ovaries that can be harmful or harmless

Ectopic Pregnancy

pregnancy that froms on the outside of the uterus

Cervical Mucus during ovulation

thin, watery, clearer, stretchy

Cervical mucus pre and post

sparse, thick, tacky, not stretchy

Facial Symmetry

females becoming slight change during ovulation

Basal Body Temperature

ovulation occurs when temerature rises by .5%

Conception

egg being fully fertilized