Paul & Sneed (2004) — Strategies for Behavior Change in Heart Failure

Vocabulary flashcards covering the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), its three dimensions, the six stages of change, and the ten experiential and behavioural processes of change in the context of heart failure management as described by Paul & Sneed (2004).

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

A theoretical framework applied by Paul and Sneed (2004) to tailor education and interventions to a heart failure patient's readiness for behaviour change.

Three Dimensions of TTM

The core components of the Transtheoretical Model: (1) stages describing timing and readiness, (2) processes of change describing activities through which change occurs, and (3) action criteria defining the specific behaviour being judged.

Staging Specificity

The principle that stages of change should apply directly to a specific behaviour rather than serving as an overarching label for the whole person.

Decisional Balance

An individual's perceived balance of pros and cons regarding making a specific behaviour change.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's situation-specific confidence in performing or sustaining a target behaviour.

Precontemplation

The stage in which an individual is not intending to act within six months, often because they are unaware or unconvinced that a problem exists.

Contemplation

The stage in which an individual is aware of an issue and considering change in the next six months, but is not ready to act immediately.

Preparation

The stage where preliminary steps have been taken and the individual has a clear intention to act within the next 30 days.

Action

The stage in which an individual has actively made a specific behaviour change within the last six months.

Maintenance

The stage where a target behaviour change has been successfully sustained for more than six months.

Termination

The theoretical stage defined by zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy, which is rarely evaluated in clinical practice and may be less realistic than sustained maintenance.

Consciousness-Raising

An experiential process of change that involves obtaining new information and increasing awareness regarding a target behaviour.

Dramatic Relief

An experiential process of change centered on recognizing, experiencing, and expressing emotions related to a problem behaviour.

Self-Reevaluation

An experiential process of change involving the assessment of one's self-image and identity with and without the behaviour.

Environmental Reevaluation

An experiential process of change that involves assessing how one's behaviour impacts others and their physical surroundings.

Social Liberation

An experiential process of change that involves recognizing and utilizing supportive social and environmental alternatives.

Self-Liberation

A behavioural process of change that involves making a firm choice and personal commitment to change.

Helping Relationships

A behavioural process of change that involves seeking and receiving support, care, and trust from others during behaviour change.

Reinforcement Management

A behavioural process of change that utilizes meaningful rewards and positive consequences for engaging in the desired behaviour.

Counterconditioning

A behavioural process of change that involves learning and substituting healthier responses or behaviours in place of problematic ones.

Stimulus Control

A behavioural process of change involving the removal of cues for unhealthy habits and the addition of prompts or reminders for healthy behaviours.

Dietary Assessment Tools

Imperfect tracking methods (such as food recalls, diaries, or checklists) used to clarify patient understanding without being used to accuse them of dishonesty.

Medication Adjustment Rule

The clinical standard requiring explicit, individualized instructions from a prescriber before doubling, stopping, or altering medication or diuretic doses.