Physiology of Reproduction fill in the blank questions already covered

Which measure of reproductive efficiency is commonly used in dairy operations? It represents the number of days between calving and conception. Although the national average is 150 days, most producers set a realistic goal for their herds between 90 and 110 days

days open

Today Sarah weaned 192 calves from her 200 beef cows. What is Sarah’s a) percent calf crop and is her herd b) below the national average for this measure of reproductive efficiency?

a) (192/200) x100 = 92%

b) above average

Genotypic sex determines phenotypic sex. Which protein initiates testis development at the gonadal ridge? The gene for this protein can be found on the short arm of the Y chromosome

TDF or Testis Determining Factor

Different types of reproduction exist among higher vertebrates. What type of reproduction is characteristic of the hen? Fertilization occurs inside her reproductive tract, she lays eggs, and embryonic and fetal development occurs outside of her reproductive tract

oviparous

This part of the hen’s reproductive system is responsible for placing the thick white around the yolk

magnum

This part of the hen’s reproductive system represents a narrow region where the inner and outer shell membranes are placed around the developing egg

Isthmus

This part of the hen’s reproductive system is also referred to as the shell gland

uterus

Notice the location of this part of the hen’s reproductive system. The completely developed egg passes through here just before it is laid

vagina

This part of the hen’s reproductive system 1) catches the yolk at ovulation, 2) represents the location of sperm cell storage, and 3) serves as the site of fertilization

Infundibulum

What name is given to the avascular region (i.e. no blood vessels) on each of the hen’s follicles?

suture line

The broad ligament is responsible for supporting the female’s reproductive system within her pelvic cavity. What is the portion of the broad ligament is responsible for supporting the ovary?

mesovarium

The ovary is attached to the mesovarium portion of the broad ligament via the ______

hilus

Is the queen considered to be 1) monotocous or 2) polytocous?

polytocous

What is the name given to the combined mucosa and submucosa layers of the ovary?

endometrium

What name is given to the artery that supplied blood to the ovary?

utero-ovarian artery

The center portion of the ovary consists of blood vessels, lymph and nerves. What is this portion called?

medulla

This structure contains an oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of cuboidal cells. The zona pellucida has now developed around the oocyte. The antrum is not present

secondary follicle

This large, pre-ovulatory follicle is filled with fluid, and it produces large quantities of estrogen, which will induce estrus or heat behavior in female animals

graafian follicle

What cells in the graafian follicle are responsible for converting testosterone to estrogen via aromatase?

granulosa cells

This bloody appearing structure that represents a recently ovulated follicle. This structure will eventually from a corpus luteum

corpus hemorrhagicum

What is the region of the mare’s ovary called, where all follicles grow and develop?

ovulation fossa

Where does fertilization occur within the mammalian female’s reproductive tract?

ampulla/isthmus junction

Approximately 90% of the time a heifer is born twin to a bull she will be infertile. This is because she shares a placenta with a fetus of the opposite sex. What term is used to describe this intersex heifer calf?

free martin

Some species have a folds or recession that surrounds the cervical opening. This anatomical feature can make it difficult to pass an insemination pipette through the vagina and into the cervix. What is this anatomical feature called?

fornix vagina

Which layer of the uterus contains inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle fibers that work together to create peristaltic contractions for transporting semen and expelling the fetus?

myometrium

What hormone acts on the myometrium, causing them to contract?

oxytocin and estrogen

What type of uterus is characteristic of female primates?

simplex

The vulva consists of a left and right _____, which contains fatty tissue that becomes swollen in response to the elevated levels of strogen when a female is in ‘heat’

labia

What type of cervix does a mare have?

longitudinal folds

In ruminants, the uterine endometrium contains bump-like structures that serve as specific sites of placental attachment. What are these structures called?

caruncles

What do we call the nutrient-rich secretions provided by the uterine glands? These secretions will nourish the embryo before it attaches to the uterus via the placenta

histotrophe

What muscle lines the inside of the scrotum to regulate scrotal surface area and heat dissipation from the testis?

tunica dartos muscle

The cremaster muscle is attached to this connective tissue layer, which holds and supports the testis

seminiferous tubules

Which of the three segments of the spermatic cord serves as the main thermoregulatory mechanism for keeping testicular temperature 5 to 6 C below body temperature? This mechanism involves counter-current heat exchange where warm arterial blood is cooled by returning venous blood

pampiniform plexus

What name is given to the connective tissue core of the testis? It runs through the middle of the testis, provides structural support, and it covers the rete tubules

mediastinum

What type of penis has the sigmoid flexure characteristic with a muscle designed for retraction? The bull, boar, and ram have this type of penis

fibroelastic penis

What type of cervix is characteristic of the bitch?

single ring cervix

What terms are used to describe a male with ONE descended testicle?

unilateral cryptorchidism

This portion of the male reproductive system provides a 1) passageway for sperm transport. It is also responsible for 2) sperm cell maturation and 3) storage, and 4) the absorption of fluids.

epididymis

Which accessory sex gland secretes 40 to 80% of ejaculate volume and provides fructose as a nutrient source for sperm cells?

seminal vesicles

What are the four criteria you should use to evaluate a semen sample?

volume

concentration

progressive motility

abnormalities

We used this method to collect semen in lab. A probe is placed in the rectum of the male and direct stimulation is provided to the pelvic area, which contains the accessory sex glands and muscles at the base of the penis. This methos does not require training, but it does produce a larger than normal semen volume

electroejaculation

This methos id commonly used in stallions, bulls, and rams. It involves an outer casing and rubber liner, and the resulting device is then filled with warm water to stimulate the glans penis. This method does require training and a dummy female, but a representative sample is achieved

artificial vagina

When performing this method of semen collection, the technician places two gloves over their hand. The outer glove is used to palpate and clean the boar’s sheath. When an erection is achieved the clean, inner glove is exposed and used to grab the boar’s glans penis. The boar must be trained before applying this method and a representative sample can be achieved

glove-hand method

What name do we give to an unusually large follicle that will not ovulate? Females with this type of follicle(s) will continually display signs of estrus

cystic follicle

What is the site of fertilization in the reproductive tract of the genus Gallus?

infundibulum

The infundibulum will funnel the ovulated oocyte(s) further into the oviduct, but what name is given to the unique lace-like tissue that extends out from the infundibulum and it ‘catches’ the oocyte(s) in mammalian females?

fimbria

What portion of the hen’s reproductive system is responsible for placing the calcium-rich shell around the egg?

uterus

What term describes a male with two undescended testes?

bilateral cryptorchidism

Do males with bilateral cryptorchidism have the potential to be fertile?

no

What name is given to the muscle layer or muscularis of the uterus that is responsible for peristaltic contractions?

myometrium

Which hormone comes from the pituitary to stimulate contractions in the myometrium? This hormone works synergistically with estrogen

oxytocin

What portion of the broad ligament will suspend the uterus?

mesometrium

What portion of the broad ligament will suspend the oviduct?

mesosalpinx

Which portion of the spermatic cord is removed to render a male infertile and hence, create a ‘teaser’ male?

vas deferens

What type of uterus is characteristic of the rabbit and marsupials? Each uterine horn has a cervix

duplex uterus

What type of cervix is characteristic of the sow?

Spiral arrangement

What is the specific site of ovulation on the ovary of the mare?

ovulation fossa

What name is given to the outermost layer of the uterus and all tubular parts of the female reproductive tract? This layer will prevent adhesions from occurring when the reproductive tract expands and touches other organs or tissues in the body

serosa

Hwat name is given to the penile bone in dogs?

baculum

During prenatal development of the male reproductive tract, which hormone is secreted by the sertoli cells to suppress development of the female duct system?

anti- mullerian hormone

The bitch, queen, and sow have a lobulated appearance to their ovary, which resembles a cluster of grapes. This is because they will ovulate multiple follicles at a time and the ovary will have multiple corpora lutea protruding from its surface. What name do we give to these ‘litter-bearing’ females?

polytocous