Exam 2 Combined

Define an organ

composed of two or more tissues working together

Tissues in the integument system

skin, hair, glands associated with the skin, nails

Functions of the integument

protection, sensory receptor, hydro regulation, thermoregulation, absorption, excretion of wastes, vitamin D synthesis

Conversion of Vitamin D

1.Cholecalciferol

2.Calcidiol (converted in liver)

3.Calcittriol (converted in kidneys)

What is the function of Vitamin D and its relation to calcium

Increases calcium absorption in small intestines

Thermoregulation

Vasoconstriction-

Blood vessels narrow (keep warm - shunt blood to core)

Thermoregulation

Vasodilation-

Blood vessels widen (cools us down)

Parts of the integument include-

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous (hypodermis)

The cutaneous membrane includes ____ and _____

Epidermis and Dermis

The subcutaneous membrane is also called the ____ and has the tissues ____ and _____

hypodermis, areolar, adipose

(Allow for slow/steady absorption ex birth control/stop smoking)

(small/non-polar can pass through)

The epidermis is made of ___ epithelial tissue. Epithelial has no blood so its ____

stratified squamous, avascular

Layers of the epidermis bottom to top

(Big Silly Girls Like candy)

Stratum basal

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

How many layers of epidermis are there?

5 possible layers but most have 4

Where is the Lucidum layer usually found?

Thick skin (soles of feet, palm of hand, lips)

4 Types of cells found in the epidermis (look at graph)

Keratinocytes-

function- produce keratin (waterproof protein)

4 Types of cells found in the epidermis (look at graph)

Melanocytes-

function- produce melanin (brown/pink pigment, protects from sun UV)

4 Types of cells found in the epidermis (look at graph)

Langerhans/ Dendritic cells-

function- immunity- alert immune system (get splinter that’s dirty)

4 Types of cells found in the epidermis (look at graph)

Merkel cells (tactile cells)

function- sensory touch

What is the most to least abundant cells found in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans/dendritic cells, Merkel/tactile cells

Pigments/Colorations

Hemoglobin (pigment)-

carry oxygen + CO2 in red blood cells (red/pink)

Pigments/Colorations

Carotene (pigment)

Vitamin A function- eyesight (bunnies with glasses) (yellow/orange)

Pigments/Colorations

Melanin (pigment)-

Protect from UV (produced by melanocytes) (brown/black)

Pigments/Colorations

Pallor (coloration)-

Very pale - whitish ashy

Pigments/Colorations

Cyanosis (coloration)

Blueish - lack of oxygen

Jaundice (coloration)

Liver disease (yellow)

Dennris -

Papillary, reticular ( p comes before r)

Structures found in the dermis-

Blood vessels, nerves, smooth muscle, glands, hair follicles

Arrector pili muscle-

-Gives us goosebumps

-Smooth muscle- involuntary

Vitiligo-

Body makes antibodies against melanocytes

Caused by stress/genetics/autoimmune disorder/prone to sunburn

Alopecia areata-

Autoimmune, destroys hair follicles- causes patchy baldness

Types of hair-

lanugo-

fetal hair- soft, downy, hair

Types of hair-

Vellus-

Colorless, soft, fine hair

overmast of body - no melanin

Types of hair-

Terminal-

Corse, wire, has melanin (colored)

Chest hair, hair on head, eyebrows, lashes, axillary hair, coochie hair

Burn categories-

First Degree

Partial thickness, only involves epidermis

Red, painful, swelling

Burn categories-

Second Degree-

Partial thickness, epidermis and dermis

redness, painful, swelling, blisters

Burn categories-

Third Degree-

Full thickness, epidermis + dermis + hypodermis

Charred, no pain at burn site, nerves are destroyed

Rule of nines-

Body is divided into 11 sections of 9%

Calculates percentage of 2nd and 3rd degree burns

Premium is 1%

Metastasize-

cancer cells spread from primary source

Skin cancer least to most likely to metastasize-

Basal cell

Squamous cell

Malignant melanoma

ABCDE of skin cancer-

Asymmetry- both sies not symmetrical

Border- edges are notched/jagged

Color- no uniform color=varigated

Diameter- greater than 6mm

Evolving- mole has changed

Two categories of glands

endocrine and exocrine

what gland secretes hormones into the blood

endocrine

what gland secretes substances to body cavities, the skin or surface of the body

exocrine

Exocrine Glands:

Merocrine- method for release + examples

Method- released from vesicles by exocytosis (bulk+activate trans.)

examples-

lacrimal glands- produce tears

salivary glands - saliva

sweat glands- release watery sweat

Exocrine Glands:

Apocrine - method for release + examples

Method - apical surface

-material breaks off

examples

ceruminous glands- cerumen (ear wax)

mammary glands- milk release

Exocrine Glands:

Holocrine (whole thing comes out)- method for release+examples

Method- inside dissolves and expels

examples- sebaceous glands- sebum (oil)

Sebaceous glands secrete____also known as oil

Beneficial effects such as ____ and _____

sebum

antibacterial and lubricants

ceruminous glands are found in the ____ and secrete ____, also known as earwax

benefits are ___ and ____

ear canal, cerumen

lubrication, trap dust, small bugs

Sudoriferous Glands (sweat glands)-

Merocrine sweat glands- Facts-

All over body

-secrete watery sweat

-cools us

Sudoriferous Glands (sweat glands)-

Apocrine sweat glands- facts-

-Found rear pubic hair follicles

-pubic region + under arms

-starts around puberty

-secrete a milky sweat (made of lipids and proteins, breakdown by bacteria → causes body odor)

Exocrine has ____ while endocrine does not

Ducts

Passive transport-

(Waterslide)

No ATP needed, high to low concentration, can occur in non living cell

Passive Transport-

Simple diffusion (type of molecule involved, how occurs, example and description)

Directly through membrane (no channel, no ATP)

Type- small nonpolar

how occurs- molecules go from high concentration to low concentration

ex. O2 and CO2 - In lungs

Passive Transport-

Facilitated Diffusion (nursing home, need help) (type of molecule involved, how occurs, example and description)

Molecules can’t pass directly

type- Ions (na+ & K+), small polar molecules

how occurs- Ions/molecules go from high to low concentration

ex. Ion flow, leak channel, voltage gated

Passive Transport-

Carrier mediated

polar molecules (glucose)

Passive Transport-

Osmosis-

Diffusion of water molecules

Aquaporins-

channel for water

Isotonic-

equal concentration of water + solute inside + outside the cell

Solute-

solvent-

solution-

-material being dissolved

-what does the dissolving

-solute + solvent

Hypotonic

hyp O tonic

cell will swell + burst (lyse)

Hemolysis-

Cell can lyse or split

Crenation-

Cell will shrivel

Hypertonic

H2O leaves cell will shrink

Active transport-

ATP NEEDED, molecules travel from low to high concentration, against concentration gradient, only in living cells

Active transport-

Primary active transport (type of molecule involved, how occurs, example and description)

67% of all energy of cell expanded

type- Ions (sodium, potassium)

how occurs- maintain electrochemical gradient of cell membrane

ex. Na+/K+ Pump also called Na+/K+ ATPase pump)

2 K+ pumped into cell (KIN)

3 Na+ pumped out of cell

Active transport-

Secondary active transport-

Symport + Antiport

how occurs- Na+ & C6H12O6

ex. Symport (think symphony/together)-

2 substances moved in the same direction

Antiport (opposite)-

1 substance moved in the opposite dirrection

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Large particles that cannot pass through the membrane or channels

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Exocytosis-

(exit cell)

Material moving out of cell

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Endocytosis-

(into cell)

material going into cell

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Pinocytosis-

“Cell drinking”

liquid going into cell

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Phagocytosis-

‘cell eating’

Solid material into cell

ex. white blood cell engulfing a pathogen

Vesicular (bulk) transport

Receptor mediated endocytosis -

Material binds to a receptor on a cell

Material is brought into cell

The cell membrane is ____ permeable due to the ____ bilayer making it _____

Selectively, phospholipid, amphipathic

What prevents tangling of the nonpolar tails

Cholesterol (steroid)

Within the membrane

Integral (garage built into house)

On side of membrane

Peripheral

3 Types of Transport

-Channel (no ATP, leak channel, voltage gated channel)

-Carrier (no ATP)

-Pump (needs ATP)

RMP

resting membrane potential

Intracellular - The overall charge is relatively more ____ than extracellularly.

The reason is ____.

Negative, large negatively charged proteins

Extracellular - the overall charge is relatively more ____ than intracellularly

Positive

Are leak channels passive or active transport?

Passive

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of-

two layers of phospholipids

Functions of a protein-

Transporter, receptor, identifier, anchoring site

Major categories of passive transport-

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

The RMP can range from millivolts in skeletal muscle cells to ___ mv in Nerve cells

-90 , -70

The electrical gradient of the cell membrane at rest is called the -

Resting Membrane (RMP)

Breaks down mutated proteins-

Proteosomes

True or False-

Water can cross cell membranes only by way of channel-mediated diffusion

false

True or false-

Placing a red blood cell in an extremely hypertonic solution leads to hemolysis

False

True or False-

Symport active transporters move two substances across the membrane in the same direction

true

True or False-

Exocytosis is a form of secondary active transport

false

Three general functions cells must perform

Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, dispose of waste

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is-

cholesterol

Glycolipids are found on the-

outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called ___ proteins

Transport

Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells-

Identity markers

Channel- mediated diffusion is a subtype of

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by

facilitated diffusion

When a small, polar solute binds to a membrane protein that then changes shape and transports the solute across the membrane, the process is known as

carrier- mediated diffusion

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the ____ solute concentration

greater