History: Chapter 17

Lost Cause

romanticized the Confederacy and minimized slavery’s role in the civil war

Washington Duke

Him and his sons built a major tobacco business

James “Buck” Duke

mechanized cigarette production

American Tobacco company

controlled about 90% of cigarette production

Mississippi Plan

model for restricting Black voting

Solid South

term for South becoming overwhelmingly democratic

Civil Rights Act of 1875

attempted to ban discrimination in public spaces

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme Court ruled the fed gov could not prohibit discrimination by private/individual businesses

Homer Plessy

challenged Louisiana’s railroad segregation law

John Marshal Harlon

only dissenting justice for Plessy v Ferguson

Lynching

extrajudicial killing by a mob

Wilmington Insurrection

Black voters and White Republicans gained power in Wilmington, North Carolina. A White mob then used violence and intimidation to overthrow elected government. Many Black ppl were fled and forced out.

National Association of Colored Woman

organized Black woman to improve their communities - Mary Church Terrell is 1st President

Callie Guy House

Campaigned for pensions for formerly enslaved people - Helped Create the Nation Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association - fed gov opposed

National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association

Callie Guy House

Ida B. Wells

journalist and anti-lynching activist

Atlanta Compromise

called Black ppl to advance economically instead of directly challenging segregation

“The Souls of Black Folk”

by W.E.D. Du Bois

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West, especially Kansas

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

major promoter of Black migration to Kansas; helped establish Black communities

Abilene, Kansas

became a major Cattle shipping center

Joseph G. McCoy

helped establish Abilene as a cattle town

Vaqueros

Spanish speaking cowboys

Chicago

major center of cattle/meatpacking industry

Major meatpacking businessmen

Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour

Comstock Lode

major gold/silver discovery in Nevada

“Stagecoach Mary” Fields

African American woman who worked as a stagecoach driver and later a mail carrier in Montana

Lizzie Johnson

successful Texas cattle rancher

Las Gorras Blancas

Mexican American resistance group in New Mexico - nighttime actions - later involved in politics

Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado militia attacked a Cheyenne Arapaho camp - woman and children killed

Buffalo Soldiers

Black Calvert units who protected railroads, build forts, fought Indigenous groups, and captured outlaws

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, and Cheyenne agreed to reservations

Black Hills

sacred to the Sioux, but settlers and gold seekers entered the area

Grant’s Indian Policy

wanted more humane policy - military leaders like Sherman and Sheridan continued aggressive campaigns

Red River War

put Comanche, Kiowa, and Arapaho onto reservations

George Custer

led troops to Black Hills

Battle of Little Bighorn

Custer and other U.S. soldiers were killed by Sioux, but Sioux were eventually forced onto reservations and agreed to sell Black hills

Chief Joseph/Nez Perce

resisted removal from ancestral lands, surrendered after long retreat

Geronimo

Apache leader who resisted U.S. forces for years

Ghost Dance

Indigenous spiritual movement promising restoration of their lands and way of life

Wounded Knee

U.S. soldiers killed alive American men, woman, and children

Dawes Severalty Act

divided tribal lands into individual allotments to encourage assimilation

1890 Census

declared the Frontier was essentially closed

Frederick Jackson Turner

Frontier Thesis

Mary Elizebeth Lease

Kansas Populist who criticized Wall Street’s influence over government