اسالة شابتر 3

Correct the mistake: If two colleagues speak the same language, they will never experience misunderstandings caused by their different cultures.

Fix: they can still misunderstand each other | Even with the same language, cultural differences can still cause misunderstandings (book key prints: 'can understand each other').

Correct the mistake: Hofstede suggested that employees should learn about cultural differences only after problems have already happened.

Fix: before | Employees should learn about cultural differences before problems happen.

Correct the mistake: Employees' values are not affected by their cultural backgrounds.

Fix: are affected | Employees' values are affected by their cultural backgrounds.

Correct the mistake: A misunderstanding between colleagues from different cultures can positively affect months of work.

Fix: negatively | A misunderstanding can negatively affect months of work.

Correct the mistake: Hofstede believed that comparing cultures makes it impossible to predict future difficulties.

Fix: possible | Comparing cultures makes it possible to predict possible difficulties.

Correct the mistake: Hofstede classified cultures into eight types.

No mistake here: this matches the notes (8 types: hierarchical, egalitarian, individualistic, collectivist, masculine, feminine, cautious, risk-taking).

Correct the mistake: Hierarchical cultures have no caste or class system.

Fix: have caste | Hierarchical cultures have a caste or class system.

Correct the mistake: Egalitarian cultures are less liberal than hierarchical cultures.

Fix: more | Egalitarian cultures are more liberal than hierarchical cultures.

Correct the mistake: Managers in egalitarian cultures usually refuse to give their employees responsibility.

Fix: give their employees responsibility | Managers in egalitarian cultures usually give their employees responsibility.

Correct the mistake: Malaysia and Indonesia are examples of individualistic cultures.

Fix: hierarchical | Malaysia and Indonesia are examples of hierarchical cultures.

Correct the mistake: Australia and Denmark are examples of masculine cultures.

Fix: egalitarian | Australia and Denmark are examples of egalitarian cultures.

Correct the mistake: Hofstede's hierarchy of needs theory proposes that people are motivated by multiple needs in a hierarchical order.

Fix: Maslow's theory | The hierarchy of needs is Maslow's theory, not Hofstede's (the book notes it is not in your syllabus).

Correct the mistake: Employees in collectivist cultures usually respect authority.

Fix: hierarchical | Employees in hierarchical cultures usually respect authority.

Correct the mistake: An employee who believes that family life should come before work is more likely to belong to a risk taking or feminine culture.

Fix: collectivist or feminine | …is more likely to belong to a collectivist or feminine culture.

Correct the mistake: Employees in Malaysia and Indonesia are generally expected to have an informal relationship with their managers.

Fix: formal | Employees in Malaysia and Indonesia are expected to have a formal relationship with their managers.

Correct the mistake: A manager who expects employees to follow strict rules and show respect for authority reflects characteristics of hierarchical and masculine cultures.

Fix: hierarchical and cautious | …reflects characteristics of hierarchical and cautious cultures.

Correct the mistake: People in Sweden and Finland are more likely to give importance to competition than to family life.

Fix: family life | People in Sweden and Finland give more importance to family life than to competition.

Correct the mistake: An employee from Greece who welcomes changes at work is demonstrating characteristics of a risk-taking culture.

Fix: Jamaica | An employee from Jamaica who welcomes changes demonstrates a risk-taking culture (Greece is cautious).

Correct the mistake: In cautious cultures, employees are generally more willing to adapt to change than employees in risk-taking cultures.

Fix: less willing | In cautious cultures, employees are less willing to adapt to change.

Correct the mistake: USA and the Netherlands highly value individuals' rights and freedom of speech as they are masculine cultures.

Fix: individualistic | …as they are individualistic cultures.

Correct the mistake: Cautious culture usually doesn't have a long history.

Fix: risk taking | Risk-taking cultures usually don't have a long history (cautious cultures do).

Correct the mistake: Risk-taking culture usually are named this way because most of the country's citizens make projects.

Fix: take risks | …because most of the country's citizens are willing to take risks.

Correct the mistake: Masculine culture enjoys social life more than masculine.

Fix: feminine | Feminine culture enjoys social life more than masculine culture.

Correct the mistake: In individualistic cultures, employees are generally encouraged to put the success of their teams ahead of their own personal goals.

Fix: collectivist | In collectivist cultures, employees put the success of their teams ahead of personal goals.

Correct the mistake: In collectivist cultures, people are encouraged to focus mainly on themselves rather than the groups they belong to.

Fix: individualistic | In individualistic cultures, people focus mainly on themselves.

Correct the mistake: An employee who wants to receive praise without sharing it with colleagues is more likely to belong to a collectivist culture.

Fix: individualistic | …is more likely to belong to an individualistic culture.

Correct the mistake: Korea and Colombia are examples of cultures where the influence of family and social groups is usually unimportant.

Fix: important | …the influence of family and social groups is usually important.

Correct the mistake: A society that strongly encourages competition and financial success is showing characteristics associated with cautious cultures.

Fix: masculine cultures | …characteristics associated with masculine cultures.

Correct the mistake: In feminine societies, accumulating wealth is generally considered more important than maintaining personal relationships.

Fix: less important | In feminine societies, accumulating wealth is less important than personal relationships.

Correct the mistake: In feminine societies, workplace disagreements are generally expected to be settled through competition rather than negotiation or discussion.

Fix: negotiation | …settled through negotiation or discussion rather than competition.

Correct the mistake: An employee who sacrifices most of their free time to advance their career is demonstrating the idea of 'work to live'.

Fix: live to work | …demonstrating the idea of 'live to work'.

Correct the mistake: In masculine societies, assertiveness and the desire to succeed are usually discouraged.

Fix: encouraged | In masculine societies, assertiveness and the desire to succeed are encouraged.

Correct the mistake: A society that gives greater importance to the quality of life than professional competition reflects masculine values.

Fix: feminine | …reflects feminine values.

Correct the mistake: A company that refuses to introduce new working methods because its traditional methods are familiar is demonstrating a collectivist attitude.

Fix: cautious | …demonstrating a cautious attitude.

Correct the mistake: In risk-taking cultures, employees generally prefer to avoid change and continue using traditional methods.

Fix: cautious | In cautious cultures, employees prefer to avoid change and continue using traditional methods.

Correct the mistake: Greece and Portugal are presented as examples of cultures that are willing to take risk about new ideas.

Fix: Jamaica and Singapore | Jamaica and Singapore are the risk-taking examples (Greece and Portugal are cautious).

Correct the mistake: Cautious cultures are generally associated with a younger history than risk-taking cultures.

Fix: longer history | Cautious cultures are associated with a longer history than risk-taking cultures.

Correct the mistake: A manager who insists on using the same procedures every year, even when new alternatives are available, is demonstrating a risk-taking attitude.

Fix: cautious | …is demonstrating a cautious attitude.

Correct the mistake: In individualistic cultures, personal goals, choices, and achievements are usually discouraged in favor of group goals.

Fix: encouraged | In individualistic cultures, personal goals, choices, and achievements are encouraged.

Correct the mistake: A self-centered approach is more likely to be accepted in collectivist cultures than individualistic cultures.

Fix: individualistic than collectivist | A self-centered approach is more likely to be accepted in individualistic cultures than collectivist cultures.

Correct the mistake: In collectivist cultures, people usually believe that business is more important than family and social groups.

Fix: family more important | In collectivist cultures, the group (family) is often seen as more important than business.

Correct the mistake: A company that encourages employees to work independently rather than as a team is demonstrating a strong collectivist work-group mentality.

Fix: individualistic, not collectivist | …is demonstrating an individualistic approach.

Correct the mistake: In feminine cultures, praise is usually directed toward the whole team rather than one individual.

Fix: collectivist | In collectivist cultures, praise is directed toward the whole team rather than one individual.

Correct the mistake: In masculine societies, women usually dominate the power structure.

Fix: men | In masculine societies, men usually dominate the power structure.

Correct the mistake: Employees in masculine societies tend to take longer holidays than employees in feminine societies.

Fix: shorter holiday | Employees in masculine societies take shorter holidays than in feminine societies.

Correct the mistake: Flexible working hours and longer holidays are more closely associated with collectivist societies.

Fix: feminine | …are more closely associated with feminine societies.

Correct the mistake: Brazil and Mexico are examples of feminine societies, while Sweden and Finland are examples of masculine societies.

Fix: swap them | Brazil and Mexico are masculine societies; Sweden and Finland are feminine societies.

Correct the mistake: Risk-taking cultures often have religious backgrounds that may influence their attitudes toward new ideas.

Fix: cautious | Cautious cultures often have religious backgrounds.

Correct the mistake: Employees in cautious cultures generally prefer flexible regulations rather than strict workplace rules.

Fix: prefer strict rules | Employees in cautious cultures prefer strict workplace rules.

Correct the mistake: In risk-taking cultures, people are usually more accepting of rules and regulations than people in cautious cultures.

Fix: less accepting | In risk-taking cultures, people are less accepting of rules and regulations.

Correct the mistake: A company that welcomes unfamiliar ideas and encourages employees to try new approaches is demonstrating characteristics of a cautious culture.

Fix: risk-taking | …is demonstrating characteristics of a risk-taking culture.

Correct the mistake: Jamaica and Singapore are examples of cultures that are generally cautious about taking risks.

Fix: risk taking | Jamaica and Singapore are examples of risk-taking cultures.

Correct the mistake: In risk-taking cultures, people generally prefer to continue doing things in the ways they have always been done.

Fix: cautious cultures | In cautious cultures, people prefer to do things the way they have always been done.

People from Czech Republic don't like to offend other people, so they're always very ___ to their guests' feelings. (aware / sensitive / familiar / respectful / tolerant / informed / adjust / used)

sensitive

I found it quite hard to ___ to the hierarchical culture in Thailand - my culture is much more egalitarian.

adjust

I wasn't very ___ with the way business is done in Romania so I was surprised by the amount of bureaucracy.

familiar

I wasn't ___ of the custom of greeting the oldest person in China so I'm afraid I offended my host.

aware

Mexico is a hierarchical culture so it's important to be ___ of people of higher rank.

respectful

My boss sent me on a cross-cultural training course so I was ___ about business etiquette in Brazil before I was seconded there.

informed

I'm ___ to people being direct in my own country so the indirect communication of Singaporeans seemed strange to me.

used

My colleague is always very punctual so he wasn't very ___ of the Greek custom of arriving late for dinner.

tolerant

In hierarchical cultures, employees are expected to respect ___ and follow their managers' instructions. (authority / diversity / negotiation / independent / competition / responsibility / traditions / flexible)

authority

In feminine societies, workplace conflicts are usually resolved through ___ rather than competition.

negotiation

Individualistic cultures encourage employees to make ___ decisions instead of depending on their team.

independent

Masculine societies place great importance on ___ and achieving financial success.

competition

In egalitarian cultures, managers often give employees more ___ and trust them to complete tasks.

responsibility

Understanding cultural ___ helps employees communicate effectively with colleagues from different backgrounds.

diversity

Cautious cultures often prefer to follow established ___ rather than accept unfamiliar ideas.

traditions

Feminine societies usually offer ___ working hours to help employees maintain a better work-life balance.

flexible

When Sarah joined a company in Denmark, she was surprised that managers gave employees responsibility and treated them as equals. She is working in a ___ culture.

egalitarian

___ and ___ cultures believe that family life is important.

Feminine, collectivist

___ culture indicates that society will be driven by competition, achievements and success.

Masculine

During a business meeting in the Czech Republic, Adam was careful with his words because he didn't want to hurt anyone's feelings. He was very ___ to other people's feelings.

sensitive

Jack worked in the Netherlands, where employees were encouraged to express their personal opinions and focus on their individual achievements. He was working in a ___ culture.

individualistic

Something that must be obeyed is ___.

strict