Health Information Retrieval & Informatics Exam 1

what company owns UpToDate Lexidrug

Wolters Kluwer

who owns Micromedex

Merative

who owns Access Pharmacy & Access Medicine

McGraw-Hill

what is "Trissels"

now called the ASHP Injectable Drug Information, as of 2025

- injectable drug information for adults

- owned by AHFS (which is owned by ASHP) & accessible through STAT!Ref

what is the "Teddy Bear Book"

now called Pediatric Injectable Drugs, as of 2025

- teddy bear on the cover

- the pediatric version of injectable drug info

- owned by AHFS (which is owned by ASHP) & accessible through STAT!Ref

describe and identify the steps of the pharmacists' (JCPP) patient care process

CAPIF

- collect (patient's background info)

- assess (collected info)

- plan (a person-centered, evidence-based plan that is cost-conscious and coordinate it with the patient and/or caregiver and the care team)

- implement (plan)

- follow-up (monitor & evaluate the plan and the patient's overall health)

describe steps of the systemic approach to answering drug information questions (Malone Chap 2)

7 steps to how to find the info you need, doing the research, and then filling out the form

step I: secure requestor info

step II: obtain background information of patient

step III: determine and categorize the question

step IV: develop a strategy and conduct the research

step V: perform evaluation of info from the search

step VI: formulate and provide a response

step VII: conduct a follow-up and documentation

identify fields of the COP DI Form

- requestor information

- pertinent patient information

- resources searched

- references

- tracking of DI Form process

- outcome/follow-up

describe the thought process for finding sources of information

- determine the question/info needed & categorize the question

- find items that will best answer this question

- locate that item where you can access it (infohawk+)

- review the item through electronic or print access or interlibrary loan

--- READ IT

- document/record/manage information found and create a plan that works for the care team

- cite the item

describe and identify primary, secondary, tertiary, and grey literature

primary: literature written directly by the person doing the research

-- clinical studies or case studies

secondary: literature that helps us find and access primary literature which was written and published elsewhere than this literature, this helps us to access primary literature so we can do a full comprehensive search of a topic

-- databases like PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, SciFinder, & Cinahl

tertiary: a synthesis of a bunch of information over a topic that combines the information into an article (different than databases that call up primary literature, these are secondary)

-- Lexidrug or Micromedex or a review written by a different author covering someone else's case study

grey: literature that has limited accessibility or is harder to find so it is not equally available to all researchers

identify components of the PharmacyLibrary

created by APhA, a resource to access some different journals or websites that hold information about medications, does not give full and unlimited access to everything

- can access the Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs here (APhA OTC)

- can access the APhA Complete Review for Pharmacy Math book here

identify components of UpToDate Lexidrug

created by Walters Kluwer, can search for different medications and find a tertiary literature article that includes comprehensive information like dosage, brand names, and mechanism of action of a certain drug

- can also access Martindale and AHFS Drug Information (adult & pediatric) from here

- can use drug ID, interactions, patient education, & calculator tools in the top tool bar of the website as well

describe InfoHawk+ from hardin

an electronic catalogue system that you can use to find out if the University of Iowa libraries have a journal or text

describe A-Z Databases from hardin

a list of all databases University of Iowa students have access to

- such as Micromedex, DynaMed, UpToDate, Cinahl, Embase, or Access Pharmacy/Medicine

describe subject guides from hardin

a series of tabs that each open up a page and have a lot of information including a contact person for such topic

- can search and will pop up with all these tabs that on each page have resources that go along with your search and quick links to some databases

describe interlibrary loan and document delivery services from the university libraries

can use this system by the libraries to request anything that is not electronically available, you can request it for free and they will get you a pdf of the resource within 1 to 7 days

identify content found in Micromedex

can search for medications and get tertiary comprehensive information similar to UpToDate Lexidrug but a bit more explanatory and expensive

- can also use Drug ID to determine a drug based on physical features, CareNotes for patients, & drug comparison features found in top "tool bar" of the website

- has RED BOOK: availability resources can tell you if a drug is on the market, where, and for how much

identify content found in STAT!Ref

shows titles of accessible journals

- houses Stedman's Medical Dictionary

- can access Trissels or the Teddy Bear Book (adult or pediatric AHFS injectable drug information, resources made by ASHP)

identify content found in UpToDate

comprehensive clinical decision support tool (lexidrug focuses specifically on drug info and pharmacy)

- can enter questions or search items or get to all the other lexi websites from here

identify content found in Clinical Key

can search by conditions, treatment, drugs, books, or journals

- also has clinical overviews and drug monographs

identify content found in Access Pharmacy

can use this to view Malone, drug information, case studies, study tools, drug cards, and NAPLEX Central (NAPLEX prep & study tools)

describe reasons for using EndNote

to create a bibliography

- create new citation

- input all information about the source

--- source can really be anything like a database, a journal article, or a book

- save each different source you want to cite

- create bibliography by selecting the sources you want to cite and the style you want to use

--- you can change the style later, if you want to, after it has been made

describe content of SciFinder

- access to collection of chemistry and related research

- made CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) which is a Division of the ACS (American Chemical Society)

- can access chemical abstracts and MEDLINE

describe content of Reaxys

chemistry database that has compounds, factual properties, reactions, synthesis information, and bibliographical data

- can find substance and reaction data

- can access Elsevier, chemical industry, patent info, and academic research

- housed in Beilstein, Gmelin and Patent Chemistry Databases

describe content of PubChem

chemistry database created by the National Institute of Health (NIH)

- info regarding small and large molecules like nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids, peptides, and chemically-modified macromolecules

describe the hierarchy of Scientific Evidence pyramid

an image produced by the National Library of Medicine to rank kinds of literature based on their ability to

- control for bias

- & demonstrate cause and effect within their subject

what parts of the hierarchy of Scientific Evidence pyramid are filtered and unfiltered

the bottom of the pyramid is considered "unfiltered"

the top of the pyramid is considered "filtered"/appraised

what types of literature are on the bottom of the hierarchy of scientific evidence pyramid and give some examples

type of literature: clinical reports, case reports, animal trials, & in-vitro (in-the-glass) studies

examples: Clinical Key & AccessMed (when using them to access primary literature)

what types of literature are on the top of the hierarchy of scientific evidence pyramid and give some examples

type of literature: systematic reviews & meta-analyses

examples: PubMed, CINAHL, UpToDate, & Dynamed (when using their systematic review features & not using them to access primary literature)

describe the steps fo the FDA approval process

- drug gets developed

Step 1: animal testing

Step 2: IND Application (gives approval for studying in humans)

- Clinical Phase

Step 3/Phase 1: emphasis is safety with 20-80 patients

Step 4/Phase 2: emphasis is on effectiveness with 100s of patients

Step 5/Phase 3: emphasis is on differing populations & dosing with 1000s of patients

- Post-Marketing

Phase 4: sponsor is required to submit periodic safety updates of the product to FDA about things going wrong

- NDA Review

Step 6: review meeting with FDA and drug sponsor

Step 7: NDA (new drug application), drug sponsor formally asking the FDA to approve the drug

Steps 8 & 9: NDA is reviewed

Step 10: FDA reviews drug labelling for official sale and assures appropriate info is on the label

Step 11: facility inspection of where the drug will be manufactured

identify content found in Drugs@FDA

the FDA-approved products for human use

- includes info like prescription brand-name, prescription generic name, therapeutic biological products, OTC brand-names, & OTC generic names

- contains patient info, labels, approval letters, & reviews of FDA-approved products

- most products approved since 1939 are here but not all

identify content found in Orange Book

the FDA-approved products for human use (go to FDA website -> drugs -> Orange Book)

- focuses on information about safety & effectiveness as well as therapeutic equivalence and patents between multiple drug products

- info is used for applicants submitting generic drug applications

identify content found in the National Drug Code Directory

every drug has an NDC and you can find them on the directory using the NDC

what types of publications are primary literature

clinical trials, case reports, cohort studies, & meta-analyses

what types of publications are secondary literature

databases like Embase or Cinahl, indexes like PubMed, or abstracts

what types of publications are tertiary literature

systematic reviews, drug monographs, clinical guidelines, & textbooks

meta-analyses and systematic review is both listed in the title, what do you identify the literature as

meta-analyses: primary

systematic review: tertiary

- some preceptors will not allow meta-analyses, so they trump review, so this would be considered primary

what types of publications are grey literature

those that are hard to find because of limited access

where can you find full-text access to the AHFS/AHFS Drug Information text

Lexicomp/Lexidrug

(American hospital formulary something drug info)

where can you find full-text access to The Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs

Pharmacy Library (APhA OTC)

where can you find full-text access to The APhA Complete Review for Pharmacy Math

Pharmacy Library

which source, using your HawkID, can you access full texts like Malone and NAPLEX study materials

Access Pharmacy

who owns PharmacyLibrary

APhA

what is an RLD

RLD: reference listed drug

- the first with the ingredient to have FDA approval & all others are considered generics and compared to this one

what does it mean for an RLD to be an innovator or not

YES: innovator

NO: generic

what is the TE

therapeutic equivalence code

- indicates if the generic is therapeutically equivalent compared to the innovator/RLD

A vs B within TE's

A: FDA found that this generic version is therapeutically equivalent

B: FDA found that this generic version is NOT therapeutically equivalent

what is the RS

reference standard

- the drug product selected by the FDA that an applicant seeking approval for a generic version must use to reach in vivo bioequivalence