Law and legal systems

Actus reus

The physical act, omission, or unlawful conduct that constitutes the external element of a criminal offence. It is necessary to prove to convict an individual of a crime, along woth mens rea.

Mens Rea

The mental state or intent behind committing a crime, often defined as the intent to cause a particular consequence or to engage in conduct that constitutes a criminal offence. It works in conjunction with actus reus to establish guilt.

standard of proof in criminal cases

The level of certainty required for a party to prove their case in a criminal trial, typically set as "beyond a reasonable doubt."

burden of proof in criminal proceedings

The obligation placed on a party to prove the allegations in a criminal case, typically resting on the prosecution to establish the defendant's guilt.