Section 2.1 and 2.2 Cards

Vocabulary flashcards covering carbon chemistry, isomers, functional groups, ATP, polymer reactions, and carbohydrates based on the lecture notes.

Organic chemistry

The study of carbon compounds.

Valence

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which is generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in its valence shell.

Hydrocarbon

A molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Isomers

Molecules that share the same chemical formula but possess different structures and properties.

Structural isomers

Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.

Cis-trans isomers

Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Cis isomer

A spatial arrangement in a cis-trans isomer where attached chemical groups are positioned on the same side of a double bond.

Trans isomer

An organic molecule arrangement in a cis-trans isomer where attached chemical groups are positioned on opposite sides of a double bond.

Polarity of Hydrocarbons

Non Polar therefore not soluble in water

Enantiomers

Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in non-superimposable mirror-image molecules.

Asymmetric carbon

A carbon atom that is covalently bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Functional groups

Chemical groups directly involved in chemical reactions that contribute to a molecule's shape, size, charge, and chemical reactivity.

Hydroxyl group

A polar functional group ($\text{-OH}$) containing electronegative oxygen that forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve organic compounds.

Carbonyl group

A functional group ($-C=O$ ) consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, forming ketones within carbon skeletons or aldehydes at the end.

Carboxyl group

A functional group ($\text{-COOH}$) that acts as an acid because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is highly polar, allowing it to donate $H^+$ ions.

Amino group

A functional group ($\text{-NH}_2$) that acts as a base by picking up $H^+$ ions from surrounding solutions.

Sulfhydryl group

A functional group ($\text{-SH}$) where two groups can react to form a cross-link that stabilizes protein structure.

Phosphate group

A functional group ($\text{-OPO}_3^{2-}$) that contributes a negative charge and confers the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

Methyl group

A non-chemically reactive group ($\text{-CH}_3$) that serves as a molecular tag, affecting gene expression and the function of sex hormones.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule consisting of adenosine attached to three phosphate groups, serving as an energy currency for cellular processes.

Macromolecule

A giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecular subunits.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds.

Monomer

A repeating subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

Dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by adding a water molecule.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in organisms.