Science Term 2

Matter made up of 1 or 2 kind of atoms

Pure Substance

1 kind of atom Can't be chemically broken down chemically

Elements

Combination or 2+ elements chemically combined

Compounds

Hydrogen ions are produced in water when compound is dissolved

Acids

Hydroxide ions are produced in water when compound is dissolved

Bases

Mostly solid Possesses luster (can shine) Good conductor ✅Malleable ✅Withstand stress ✅Ductile Eg. Nickel

Metals

Exists in solids, liquids, and gases Light in weight Insulator ❌Malleable ❌Withstand stress ❌Ductile Eg. Carbon

Nonmetals

Has properties of metals & nonmetals lack luster semiconductors Eg. Arsenic Lack luster Semiconductors Eg. Arsenic

Metalloids

1860s Made "Law of Octaves" Organized elements by atomic weight, EVERY EIGHTH ELEMENT shared similarities

John Newlands

Created periodic table Similar behavior in columns (VERTICAL) Metals grouped, halogens lined up, metals w/ similar chemistry clustered

Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Elements in Human Body: OCPSCPNS

Oxygen Calcium Potassium Sodium Chlorine Phosphorous Nitrogen Sulfur

The elements between groups 2 and 3 are transition metals.

Transition Metals

Group _ elements are called the noble gases.

Group 0

Group _ elements are called alkali metals.

Group 1

Group _ elements are called the halogens.

Group 7

Physical Changes

● These changes are reversible ● Can’t be separated by physical means ● It includes changes in shape, size, and other physical properties

Chemical Changes

● These changes are irreversible ● Can be separated by physical means ● It includes color, changes in taste, or when a gas is produced

● Defenders for molecules ● 2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen ● Forms rivers, lakes, seas, etc.

Water

● An important molecule that gives energy to the body ● Made up of 24 atoms

Glucose

● A molecule made up of millions of atoms in a specific arranged pattern

DNA

● When bonded with nitrogen, it can create ammonia (an important molecule found in fertilizer)

Hydrogen

● Doesn’t bond with other elements as its outer shell is already full ● Noble gas

Helium

● Has one more electron needed to get rid off

Sodium

● Needs one more electron

Chlorine

● Sodium + Chloride (NaCl) ● An example of how atoms become more stable when bonded with others

Salt

● 1 Carbon + 2 Oxygen ● What plants breathe and keeps the earth from freezing

Carbon Dioxide

● In 1789, he published a list of 33 substances he considered as elements and grouped them into categories

Antoine Lavoiser

● In 1800s, his atomic theory supported that each element consists of one type of atom, helping scientists compare elements by atomic mass

John Dalton

● In the 1600s, he argued that an element should be a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical methods

Robert Boyle

● In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner grouped certain elements into sets of three with similar properties. He noticed a pattern in their atomic masses.

Law of Triads

● In 1864–1865, John Newlands arranged elements by increasing atomic mass. He observed that similar properties seemed to recur every eighth element among some of the lighter elements.

Law of Octaves

● In 1913, he used X-ray measurements to study elements . His work showed that each element has a unique atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Henry Moseley

What happens: One atom gives away an electron, and another atom takes it

Metal w/ nonmetal

What happens: Two atoms don't want to give up their electrons, so they share them instead.

2 nonmetals

What happens: Metal atoms crowd together and let all their outer electrons swim around freely in a shared "sea".

2 metals Even Match: Both atoms are incredibly weak and don't want their outer electrons much.

Principle wherein it states that electrons fill lower energy levels first

Aufbau Principle

• 1925, Wolfgang Pauli

• no 2 electrons can occupy same 4 quantum numbers

→ 2nd electron must have different spin

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Fill all electron spins in the boxes before pairing

Hund’s Rule

In Lewis Dot Structure, 1 covalent bond is s_____ bond

Sigma bond

In Lewis Dot Structure, 2 covalent bond is p_ bond

Pi bond

• Most outer layer of Earth

• approx. 70km, less than 1% of Earth

Crust

Solid part of mantle

Lithosphere

Part of mantle that makes tectonic plates move

→ like hot plastic, viscous & flows slowly

Asthenosphere

• Biggest layer of Earth, contains igneous rocks, magma

• approx. 2,900km, 84% of Earth

Mantle

Layer of Earth that contains molten liquid metal

Outer Core

Layer of Earth that is solid due to immense pressure brought by layers above

Inner Core

Constant ratio between ratio & volume

Density

Density formula

Mass/Volume

Term for half of celestial sphere

Hemisphere

Northern Hemisphere: _____ hemisphere

Land hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere: _____ hemisphere

Water hemisphere

• Granitic crust

• thicker, less dense

Continental Crust

• Basaltic crust

• thinner, denser

Oceanic Crust

IA / 1

Alkali metals

IIA / 2

Alkaline Earth Metals

IIIA / 3

Boron Group

IVA / 4

Carbon Group

VA / 5

Nitrogen Group

VIA / 6

Oxygen Group

VIIA / 7

Halogens

VIIIA / 8

Noble gases

B (4-13)

Transition metals

• A volcano that is currently erupting, showing signs of unrest (such as earthquakes or gas emissions), or has erupted in recent geological history (typically within the last 10,000 years). Example: Mount Kanlaon and Taal Volcano in the Philippines.

Active Volcanoes

• A "sleeping" volcano that has not erupted for a long time, but still has a magma supply beneath it and could erupt again in the future. Example: Mount Apo (Philippines) or Mount Rainier (USA).

Dormant Volcano

• A "dead" volcano that is cut off from its magma supply and is not expected to ever erupt again. Example: Mount Batulao (Philippines) or Edinburgh Castle Rock (Scotland).

Extinct Volcano

Magma is hot, thin, and runny (low viscosity). Because the liquid is loose, dissolved gases can escape easily without building up dangerous pressure.

Effusive Eruptions (Quiet & Flowing)

Magma is thick, cool, and sticky (high viscosity). Because the magma is pasty, gas bubbles cannot escape. Pressure builds up inside the volcano until it violently shatters the rock and blasts material into the sky.

Explosive Eruptions (Violent & Blasting)

Mild, frequent "burps" or explosions where bubbles of gas burst near the surface, flinging glowing globs of lava into the air like a natural fireworks show.

Strombolian Eruption

Stronger, sudden explosions of thick gas and dark cauliflower-shaped clouds of ash.

Vulcanian Eruption

Dangerous, fast-moving avalanches of hot gas and rock (called pyroclastic flows) that collapse and rush down the sides of the mountain.

Pelean Eruption

The most cataclysmic and dramatic type. Gas-rich magma blasts a massive rocket-like pillar of ash and gas tens of kilometers high into the stratosphere (like the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo).

Plinian Eruption

Underground water or groundwater gets super-heated by hot rocks and flashes into explosive steam, blasting rock and ash (with no fresh magma reaching the surface).

Phreatic (Steam-driven) Eruption

Hot, fresh magma violently hits surface water, ice, or a crater lake, causing a high-energy steam-and-magma explosion that sends out massive surges of fine ash (like recent explosions at Taal Volcano).

Phreatomagmatic Eruption

Broad, wide, and gently sloping (resembles a warrior's shield lying flat).

Shield Volcano

Tall, steep-sided, and symmetrical cone made of alternating layers of hardened lava and ash.

Composite/Stratovolcano

Small, steep, cone-shaped hill with a large bowl-shaped crater at the top.

Cinder Cone

Rounded, steep-sided mound formed over a volcanic vent.

Lava Dome Volcano

Massive, wide basin or depression left behind after a volcano collapses into its emptied magma chamber.

Caldera Volcano

A large underground pool of molten rock (magma) stored beneath the Earth's crust under high pressure.

Magma Chamber

The main vertical channel where magma and gases travel upward from the magma chamber toward the surface.

Conduit (Pipe)

The main opening in the Earth's surface where magma, gases, and ash escape into the atmosphere.

Vent (Primary Vent)

A bowl-shaped or circular depression urrounding the main vent at the top of the volcano.

Crater

Smaller cracks or openings on the flanks (sides) of a volcano where magma can also escape.

Secondary Vents / Side Vents

A small cone-shaped accumulation of volcanic debris and hardened lava formed around a secondary vent.

Parasitic Cone / Secondary Cone

Flat or sheet-like underground rock intrusions formed when magma squeezes into horizontal cracks (___) or vertical cracks (___) and cools.

Sills and Dikes