QUIZ -> China, Soth/SE Asia, Dar-al Islam

Song Dynasty

• Dynasty that arose after the Tang Dynasty

• Gave rise to the “golden age” w/ change in perception of women, culture, politics, & econ.

• New education for the young

• Urbanization, Innovation, & Industrialization (UII) for China were all crucial

Handzhov

• China’s capital during the Song Dynasty

• Saw population increase

• Significance in that urbanization & UII effects for rapid growth

Filal Piety

• Honoring of one’s ancestors (Basis idea 4 confucianism)

• Key respect of confucianism, significant w/ how it dominated China during this time.

• Stayed with China’s rule, out extending elsewhere

Mandate of Heaven

• Moral norms under which a ruler was given, granting legitimacy

• Provoke conflict → new ruler & mandate not in tact

• Significant Confucianism idea, justification for the ruler in charge

Grand Canal

• One of the project in the immense network of internal waterways for the innovations of Song Dynasty

• Stretched +1k miles & linked Yellow River in the North to the Yangez River in the South

• Waterways helped transport goods & overall connects to the innovation of the Song Dynasty

Confucianism

• Chinese philosophy discovered by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superior as the key element of social order

• Was affected ideology of the Chinese state for sometime

• Spread thru out Asia

Neo-Confucianism

• Upgraded version of Confucianism that merged various metaphysicsal, spiritual, & philosophical elements of Buddhism & Daoism.

• Developed during the Song Dynasty, it changed East Asia governance & social hierarchy

• Would share influence in Korea, & helped form social strucutres

China’s Economic Revolution

• During the Song Dynasty, this revo marked a shift in pop growth, urbanization, UUI, & econ specialization.

• EXs: Waterway development, Hangzbou pop increase, specialization of labor, printing (woodbook & movable type), gunpowder.

• It marked a huge change in Chinese econ that transformed everything

Heian Japan

• Changes & developments of Japan’s history, w/ the fall of imperial authority in favor of powerful noble families, & regional warrior elite.

• EXs: Rise in warrior culture, changes in literacy, new writing system

• Both the influence of China & Buddhism play huge roles in this era

• Selective Borrowing: N/A of Civil Service Exam & Mandate of Heaven!!!

Champa Rice

• Fast-ripening & drought-resistant strain of rice from Vietnam

• Huge agricultural achievement w/ production, part of the huge success in the Song Dynasty

Hinduism

• Polytheistic social & religious tradition that comes from SE Asia

  • Comes from Indo-Arayn ppl

  • Hard on established caste system

  • Ideas around Karam, Yajna

• Diffuses thru Asia, w/ likes of Buddhism & Confucianism

Buddhism

• Philosophical religion that spread across SE Asia

  • Origins from India

  • Contained 4 Noble Truths, 8 Fold Path

  • Achieving Nirvana was the goal

  • Led by Siddharth Gautuma (Buddha) & Book of the Dead

Theravada

• Focused on Enlightenment

• Practiced in SE Asia

• Practice > beliefs

• Goal of becoming an arhat

Mahayanna

• Developed in early centuries of CE & had greater accessibility

• Focused on enlightenment w/ company of others

• Goal of becoming a Bodhistava

• Mainly practiced in East Asia

Tibeton

• Special authority 2 learned teachers (Lamas)

• Practices included prostrations, visualizing bodhisattvas or deities, complex meditations, etc

• Became famous in sacred texts

Monasticism

• Religious practice in which individuals (monks or nuns) renounce worldly pursuits, marriage, & personal wealth to devote their lives 2 spiritual devotion.

• Came from Buddhism

• Provide stability for institutional entres

• Spread along Silk Roads

Delhi Sultanate

• Established in 1206, helped Turkic rule become more systematic

• Place where various Muslim communities came & dominated

  • Would help spread Islam & attract new followers

Bhakti Movement

• Began in South India

• Involved intense adoration of & Identification with a particular identification w/ various practices

• Most popular deities were Vishnu & Shiva

• Went vs Caste System

Sikhism

• Founded by Guru Nonank, it rejected the Hindu Caste system, empty ritualism, & religious intolerance

• Focused on =ality of all humans beings, devotion to 1 creator (Ik Onkar), & service 2 humanity

• Came from Punjab region of South Asia

• Served as a crossworld between Islam & Hinduism

  • Gave way to Bhakti movement

Srivijaya Empire

• Holy kingdom that dominatged in the Indian Ocean

• Had huge cultural influences from India

• Its sources, access to highly-wanted spices, & taxes on passing ships made it soo rich

• Instantly attracted trades

• Center for Buddhist teachings

Khmer Empire

• Constructed Hindu temple called “Angkor Wat”

  • Expressed Hindu understanding of cosmos created on a mythical Mount Merv

Angkor Wat

• Largest religious structure in pre-modern world

• Temple built by the Khmer Kingdom

• Expressed Hindu beliefs

• Located in atm Cambodia

• Later used by Buddhists (?)

Dar al - Islam

• Development & expansion of Islam within the Arab, Persian, Turkic, Greco-Roman, South Asian, & African cultures

• Islam’s expansion into Africa & other parts of Asia begins with this

• Led by Muhammed, it attracted various ppl thru the teachings of the 5 Pilars & the Quran.

Abbasid Caliphate

• Dynasty of caliphs (successors of the Prophet) who governed much of the Islamic world from its capital in Baghdad.

• Started very good but fell off later as governors would assert their own dominance

• Would be overthrown by the Mongols in 1258

House of Wisdom

• Established by the Abbasid caliph al-Maroun, it served as an academic center for research & translation.

• Would help continue debate between Muslims & other various religions

Nasir-al-Din al-Tusi

• Astronomer who lived from 1201-1274

  • Mapped motion & stars & planets

• Founder of the famous Marragha observatory in Persia (data from Maragha probably influenced Copenicus)

Seljuk Empire

• 11th - 12th Centuries

• Rulers rather have title of Muslim ruler (sulter) > Turkic kaghan

• Located in Persia & atm Iran

Mamluk sultanate of Egypt

• Medieval Islamic states ruled by an elite military class of former slave-soldiers form 1250-1517

• Located in Egypt & other Middle-East countries

• Cario, its capital, was center of trade

• Stoped the Mongols’ westward invasion, eventually conquered by the Ottoman Empire

Sufism

• Belief that getting rich & pwrful had pulled ppl away from the simple way of life

• Focused on their inner lives, using practices to quiet their egos & connect w/ Allah

• Critical of the more scholarly & legalistic practitioners of the Sharia.

China’s Golden Age

• Culturally = Standards of excellence in poetry, landscape painting, & ceramics were set

• Politically = development of a bureaucratic state

• Change in econ, perception of women

Song Dynasty’s Borrowing

• Preparing for new exams to enter elite class (Civil Service Exam)

  • Higher education & exam prep → higher turnout of classy & noble men

Importance of Waterways

• New way of weatlh by taxing the ppl that went thru it

• This soon gave rise to new ways of paying (cash > goods)

Women during the Song Dynasty

• Footbinding: Chinese practice of tightly wrapping a girls’ foot to keep them small, strong tend during the Song Dynasty & later: emphasis on small delicacy & cultural views on female beauty

• All of their experiences now would later serve as a topic for poetry later on

• They often represented weakness

Japanese women losing their status was due to …

• Rise of warrior culture

• Freedom w/ marriage & inhibiting property. Less restrictions w/out Confucianism in place.

China’s Influence over Vietnam

• Elite culture borrowed many from China (Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, admin techniques, exams, literary & art styles)

• Political independence thru participation in the tribute system as a vesel state

• Exam: Functioned 2 undermine an established aristocracy, providing some social mobility for consumers & opportunities for scholars

• Followed Mandate of Hev

Vietnam Society itself was unique on what?

• Its own language, fondness of chicken fighting, & habit of chewing betel nuts

• Women have greater influence, strange at the time

  • Establishment of female natural deities

  • Northern officials set to impose Confucian gender practices in places of local customs.

  • Developed Chinese writing “chu nom”

Provide examples of Indian culture spreading to SE Asia

• Srivijayan monarchs employing Indians as advisers clerks, or officials & assigned Sanskrit titles to their subordinates.

• Politicians made use of Indian political ideas & Buddhist religion concepts → provides “Lvl of magic” for rulers

• Sponsored creation of the Buddha & of various bodhisattavs in Srivijaya

• Srivjiaya became central place 4 Buddhist teachings

• Religious aspect: Khemer Kingdom having Angkor Watt demonstrated expansion as well

What characteristics would make ppl want to follow the Muslim faith?

• Unionism in Umma, which emphasized a community w/ all believers of Islam, regardless of traits

• Muhammed’s teachings applied to the poor & solved various problems in Mecca.

• Breaking off from Mecca & forming a state of Islam

• Development of the 5 Pilars

Sunni vs Shia Islam

Sunni =

• Advocates of the established order

• Leadership 2 the most pwrful

• Political & military leader

Shia =

• Minority opposition within Islam

• Leadership comes from Muhammed’s family

Significance of the Ottoman Empire:

• One of the best empires to ever be established

• Encompassed huge part of the world (Middle East & Euro)

• Brought Middle East political coherence, military pwr, econ prosperity, &. cultural brilliance

Tech w/ Islam:

• Europeans brought lots of knowledge to the Muslim World (math, philosophy, astronomy)

• Lots of architecture