An Introduction To Applied Linguistics Third Edition

Undergraduate Level / QCF Level 6 Flashcard Set For The Degree Level Book

Accent Levelling

Accommodation in Linguistics

The phenomenon where speakers adjust their speech patterns, pronunciation, or language in response to their interlocutor's linguistic characteristics, often to reduce social distance or enhance mutual understanding.

Academic Texts (Linguistics)

Scholarly writings that analyze, discuss, or present research findings in the field of linguistics. They often include theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and empirical data.

Accent (Linguistics)

A feature of speech that identifies a speaker's regional or social background, often characterized by distinct pronunciation, intonation, and rhythm.

Active Listening (Linguistics)

A communication technique that involves fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the speaker says, which fosters effective dialogue and comprehension.

Adaptive Control Hypothesis (Linguistics)

A theory suggesting that language learners adjust their use of language based on communicative context and their level of proficiency, affecting language acquisition.

Adjacency Pairs (Linguistics)

A structure in conversation where one speaker's utterance prompts a specific response from another, creating a turn-taking pattern that maintains the flow of dialogue.

Affective Filter (Linguistics)

A hypothetical barrier that impacts language acquisition, suggesting that emotional factors like anxiety and motivation can hinder or facilitate learning.

Agreement Maxim (Linguistics)

A principle in conversation that suggests speakers should align their statements in terms of truthfulness, ensuring coherence and mutual understanding in communication.

Alternative Assessment (Linguistics)

A form of evaluation that focuses on measuring student learning through varied methods instead of traditional standardized tests, often emphasizing practical skills and real-world application.

Apparent Time Hypothesis

A linguistic theory suggesting that language change can be observed and measured by comparing the speech of different age groups at a single point in time, reflecting social and generational influences.

Archer Corpus (Linguistics)

A large collection of spoken and written texts used to study language and analyze communication patterns across different contexts.

Aristotle (Linguistics)

A philosopher whose works laid the foundation for various fields, including linguistics, by exploring subjects such as language, logic, and rhetoric.

Army Method (Linguistics)

A systematic approach to language teaching developed by the U.S. Army, focusing on immersive, situational learning and intensive practice to promote fluency.

Audiolingualism (Linguistics)

A language teaching method that emphasizes listening and speaking through repetition and drills, often using patterns and dialogues to build proficiency.

John Austin (Linguistics)

A British philosopher known for his work on speech act theory, which emphasizes how language can be used to perform actions rather than merely convey information.

Authentic Texts (Linguistics)

Materials originally created for native speakers, used in language teaching to promote real-life communication and cultural understanding.

Authorship Identification (Linguistics)

The process of determining the author of a given text, often using linguistic analysis and statistical methods to examine writing style and patterns.

Automatic Processing (Linguistics)

A cognitive process that occurs without conscious thought, allowing individuals to quickly understand and produce language based on learned patterns and rules.

Backchannel Responses (Linguistics)

Verbal or non-verbal cues from a listener that indicate attention or agreement during a conversation, helping to facilitate smooth communication.

Behaviourism (Linguistics)

A theory in linguistics that emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping language behavior, suggesting that language acquisition occurs through conditioning and reinforcement.

Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus Model (Linguistics)

A cognitive model that explains how bilingual individuals process language by activating both languages simultaneously, allowing for context-dependent language selection and production.

Bilingualism

The ability to use and understand two languages fluently, often resulting in cognitive and social benefits.

Birmingham School (Linguistics)

A group of linguistic scholars associated with the University of Birmingham in the UK, known for their work in the development of systemic functional linguistics and discourse analysis.

Brown Corpus (Linguistics)

A large, machine-readable text corpus that contains a wide range of written English material, used to study language patterns and linguistic research.

Bottom Up Processing (Linguistics)

A cognitive process in language comprehension where understanding begins with individual parts (like sounds or words) and builds up to a complete understanding of larger structures.

Business Letters (Linguistics)

Business letters are formal written communications used to exchange professional information between individuals or organizations.

Chain Shift Model (Linguistics)

The Chain Shift Model explains how a change in the pronunciation of one sound can trigger related changes in other sounds within a language’s sound system.

Chaos Theory (Linguistics)

Chaos theory in linguistics examines how small changes in language use can produce complex, unpredictable effects on language development and communication.

Chunks of Language (Linguistics)

Chunks of language are frequently occurring groups of words stored and used together as fixed or semi-fixed expressions.

Code Model of Communication (Linguistics)

The Code Model of Communication views communication as the encoding of a message by a sender and its decoding by a receiver through a shared linguistic code.

Classroom Procedures (Linguistics)

Classroom procedures are the established routines and methods used to organize teaching, learning, and interaction in a language classroom.

Code Switching (Linguistics)

Code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or communicative context.

Codification (Linguistics)

Codification is the process of standardizing and formally establishing a language’s rules, vocabulary, spelling, and grammar.

Cognate Facilitation Effect (Linguistics)

The cognate facilitation effect is the faster and more accurate processing of words that have similar meanings and forms in two related languages.

Cogntive Grammar (Linguistics)

Cognitive grammar is a linguistic approach that views grammar as a system of meaningful, conceptually motivated patterns rather than a set of purely formal rules.

Cognitive Pragmatics (Linguistics)

Cognitive pragmatics studies how people use mental processes and contextual knowledge to understand and produce meaning in communication.

Collocates (Linguistics)

Collocates are words that frequently occur together with a particular word in a language.

Collocation (Linguistics)

Collocation is the habitual tendency of particular words to occur together in a language.

Cognitive Psychology (Linguistics)

Cognitive psychology in linguistics examines the mental processes involved in acquiring, producing, understanding, and remembering language.

Cognitive Reserve (Linguistics)

Cognitive reserve in linguistics refers to the brain’s ability to use flexible mental resources and strategies to maintain language functioning despite aging, injury, or neurological changes.

Cognitive Strategies (Linguistics)

Cognitive strategies in linguistics are mental techniques used to understand, learn, produce, and remember language.

Common Denominator (Linguistics)

A common denominator in linguistics is a shared feature or underlying principle that connects different languages, dialects, or linguistic structures.

Communication Strategies (Linguistics)

Communication strategies are techniques used to overcome difficulties or gaps in language knowledge during communication.

Communication Theory Model (Linguistics)

A communication theory model in linguistics is a framework that explains how messages are created, transmitted, interpreted, and influenced by context between participants.

Communicative Competence

Communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social contexts.

Communicative Language Teaching (Linguistics)

Communicative Language Teaching is a language-teaching approach that emphasizes meaningful communication and real-life language use over memorizing grammar rules.

Communicative Principle of Relevance (Linguistics)

The Communicative Principle of Relevance states that speakers should provide information that is relevant and useful to the listener in a given context.

Competence (Linguistics)

Competence in linguistics is a speaker’s implicit knowledge of the rules and structures of their language.

Complexity Theory (Linguistics)

Complexity Theory in linguistics views language as a dynamic, adaptive system shaped by the interactions of cognitive, social, and environmental factors.

Comprehensible Input (Linguistics)

Comprehensible input is language that learners can understand, with support from context or familiar language, while being slightly beyond their current proficiency level.

Computer Assisted Language Learning (Linguistics)

Computer-Assisted Language Learning is the use of computers and digital technologies to support and enhance language teaching and learning.

Concordance Programme (Linguistics)

A concordance programme is a computer tool that displays instances of a word or phrase in context to help analyze language use.

Concordance of Target Words (Linguistics)

A concordance of target words is a collection of their occurrences in context, used to examine their meanings, patterns, and usage.

Connectionism (Linguistics)

Connectionism in linguistics explains language learning and processing as the development of patterns through networks of interconnected cognitive units.

Conciousness Raising Tasks (Linguistics)

Consciousness-raising tasks are language-learning activities that help learners notice and understand specific grammatical forms or language patterns.

Construction Grammar (Linguistics)

Construction Grammar is a linguistic theory that treats language as a network of learned form–meaning pairings, from individual words to complex sentence patterns.

Construct Theory (Linguistics)

Construct Theory in linguistics explains language development as the process of building and organizing mental representations of language through experience.

Content Schemata (Linguistics)

Content schemata are a learner’s existing knowledge and expectations about a topic that help them understand and interpret new language.

Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (Linguistics)

The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis predicts that differences between a learner’s first language and a second language will cause learning difficulties and errors.

Controlled Composition (Linguistics)

Controlled composition is a writing activity in which learners produce text using specified vocabulary, grammar, or structural guidelines.

Converging Pairs (Linguistics)

Converging pairs are pairs of language learners who communicate to find similarities or reach a shared understanding of information, opinions, or outcomes.

Conversational Implicature (Linguistics)

Conversational implicature is an implied meaning that a speaker conveys indirectly through an utterance and that a listener infers from context.

Conversation Analysis (Linguistics)

Conversation Analysis is the systematic study of how people organize and interpret talk-in-interaction, including turn-taking, pauses, and repairs.

Conversation Management Approach (Linguistics)

The Conversation Management Approach teaches learners to organize and control interactions through skills such as initiating, maintaining, changing, and ending conversations.

Co-operative Principle (Linguistics)

The Co-operative Principle states that speakers generally contribute appropriately and meaningfully to conversations so that communication can succeed.

Core Idioms (Linguistics)

Core idioms are fixed or semi-fixed expressions whose meanings cannot be fully understood by interpreting their individual words literally.

Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language use based on large, electronically stored collections of naturally occurring texts or speech.

Creoles (Linguistics)

Creoles are fully developed natural languages that emerge when a contact language becomes the first language of a community.

Critical Discourse Analysis (Linguistics)

Critical Discourse Analysis is the study of how language reflects, constructs, and reinforces power, ideology, and social inequality.

Critical Linguistics

Critical Linguistics is the study of how language reflects and maintains power relations, ideologies, and social inequalities.

Covert Prestige (Linguistics)

Covert prestige is the social value attached to nonstandard or stigmatized language forms because they signal group identity, solidarity, or toughness.

Cross Cultural Pragmatics (Linguistics)

Cross-cultural pragmatics is the study of how people from different cultural backgrounds use and interpret language in social contexts.

Declarative Knowledge (Linguistics)

Declarative knowledge in linguistics is conscious knowledge about language rules and facts that a learner can explicitly state or explain.

Deictic Expressions (Linguistics)

Deictic expressions are words or phrases whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance, such as who is speaking, where, or when.

Deliberate Vocabulary Learning (Linguistics)

Deliberate vocabulary learning is the intentional study and practice of new words to remember and use them effectively.

Descriptive Grammar (Linguistics)

Descriptive grammar is the objective study and description of how speakers actually use language, rather than how they are told they should use it.

Dialect (Linguistics)

A dialect is a variety of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and use by a particular region or social group.

Dialectal Variation (Linguistics)

Dialectal variation is the difference in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, or usage among dialects of the same language.

Dialect Levelling Method (Linguistics)

Dialect levelling is the reduction of distinctive differences between dialects as speakers from different regions or social groups interact.

Direct Method (Linguistics)

The Direct Method is a language-teaching approach that uses the target language exclusively, emphasizing speaking, listening, and learning through direct association rather than translation.

Discoursal Variation (Linguistics)

Discoursal variation is the way language use differs across types of discourse, such as conversations, academic writing, news reports, or formal speeches.

Discourse Analysis (Linguistics)

Discourse analysis is the study of how language is used to create meaning and structure communication in spoken or written contexts.

Discoursed Based Framework (Linguistics)

A discourse-based framework is an approach to language analysis or teaching that examines how language functions within larger spoken or written contexts.

Discourse Community (Linguistics)

A discourse community is a group whose members share specialized language, communication practices, and common goals.

Discourse Grammar (Linguistics)

Discourse grammar is the study of how grammatical choices organize meaning and connect ideas across sentences in spoken or written communication.

Dispreffered Sequence (Linguistics)

A dispreferred sequence is a conversational response that is delayed, qualified, or indirect because it disagrees with or resists the preceding speaker’s action.

Ditransitive Double Object Construction (Linguistics)

A ditransitive double-object construction is a sentence pattern in which a verb takes two objects, typically a recipient followed by a transferred item, as in “She gave him a book.”

Documentation Portfolios (Linguistics)

Documentation portfolios are organized collections of language-learning evidence, such as written work, recordings, and assessments, used to track and demonstrate learner progress.

Dörnyei’s Motivational Self System Model (Linguistics)

Dörnyei’s Motivational Self System Model explains language-learning motivation through learners’ ideal and ought-to selves, along with their experiences in the learning environment.

Drafting (Linguistics)

Drafting is the stage of writing in which learners develop and organize their ideas into an initial version of a text.

Dual Language Environment (Linguistics)

A dual-language environment is a setting in which two languages are regularly used for communication, education, or interaction.

Dynamic(al) Systems Theory (Linguistics)

Dynamic Systems Theory in linguistics views language development as a complex, constantly changing process shaped by interactions among cognitive, social, and environmental factors.

Electroencephalography (Linguistics)

Electroencephalography (EEG) in linguistics is a method that records the brain’s electrical activity to study how language is processed in real time.

Eliciting Exchange (Linguistics)

An eliciting exchange is a classroom interaction in which a teacher prompts a learner to produce a particular word, phrase, or language form.

Emergentism (Linguistics)

Emergentism in linguistics holds that language develops from the interaction of cognitive abilities, communicative experience, and environmental influences rather than from a fixed innate system alone.

English Verb-Argument Constructions

English verb-argument constructions are recurring patterns that specify how a verb combines with its required or optional participants to form meaningful sentences.

Error Analysis (Linguistics)

Error analysis is the systematic study of learners’ language errors to identify their causes and improve language teaching and learning.

Ethnography (Linguistics)

Ethnography in linguistics is the study of language as it is used within the cultural and social practices of a particular community.

European Wide Language Teaching Systems (Linguistics)

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is a Europe-wide system for describing and assessing language proficiency across six levels, from A1 to C2.