LIFE 103 Ch 32- Animal Bodies

Integument

Outermost layer on vertebrate body

Dorsal

Cavity-Skull and Spine

Ventral

Larger, front with ribcage. Includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Thoracic Cavity

Includes heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Includes the stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys, reproductive organs, and urinary bladder.

Pericardial cavity

Coelom divided around heart.

Pleural

Thin space within the mesoderm around the lungs.

Peritoneal

Thin space within the mesoderm in the abdominopelvic.

Epithelial tissue

Covers the outer layer of the body; makes up glands. Is made up of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Organized into connected sheets of cells. Secretes, absorbs, transports, and protects. Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells.

Simple cells

1 layer of cells

Stratified cells

Multiple layers of cells

Simple squamous

A single layer of flat cells works with diffusion and filtration in the lungs and blood vessels.

Simple cuboidal

1 layer of square-like cells that secrete and absorb. Lines kidney tubules and small ducts of glands.

Simple columnar

1 layer of Column-like cells. Protects, secretes, and absorbs. Lines the digestive system.

Stratified squamous

Multiple layers of flat cells that protect inside of mouth, esophagus, and cervix. Epidermal cells are keratinized, which makes them waterproof.

Stratified cubodial

Multiple layers of square-like cells. Line sweat and mammary glands.

Pseudostratified columnar

Overlapping column-like cells. Lines large respiratory passages.

Nerves

Made of ectoderm, includes motor, sensory and interneurons.

Nerve tissues

Neurons and supporting cells (neuroglia).

Nerve

Group of neurons

Neuron

Cell body that contains the nucleus. Have dendrites that receive electrical impulses, and axons that conduct impulses away.

Neuroglia

Do not conduct electrical impulses. However, does create the myelin sheath, which insulates and makes the signal move faster through the neuron.

Sensory neuron

Has sensors that detect temperature and pressure. (internal and external) and transmit signals to other cells.

Interneuron

Receives signal and transmits to another neuron (motor)

Motor neuron

Reacts, stimulates muscles and glands.

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Sensory and motor neurons. Transmits signals between CNS and rest of body.

CNS (central nervous system)

Brain and spinal cord. Integrate and interpret input from PNS (interneuron)

Connective tissue

Living cells in a matrix. Can be proper or special, regular or irregular, loose or dense. Cartilage, blood, and bone.

Proper connective tissue

Loose or dense

Special

Cartilage, bone, and blood

Loose connective tissue

Matrix is mostly fluid, is loose and flexible, and includes adipose tissue for energy storage.

Dense connective tissue

has more collagen fibers in matrix

Regular connective tissue

Parallel fibers, tendons and ligaments. Stronger.

Irregular connective tissue

Multiple different directions of fibers. Surrounds organs and holds them in place.

Tendon

Connects muscles to bone. Muscles work in opposition. Only cells in body that are multi nucleated.

Ligaments

Connects bone to bone

Cartilage

Matrix is made of collagen and chondroitin (protein), firm and flexible, and doesn’t stretch.

Blood

Ground substance-plasma. Contains RBC, WBC.

Bone

Ground substance, hardened with calcium phosphate crystals.

Muscle tissue

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. Skeletal and cardiac are striated.

Smooth muscle

Surrounds organs, helps with contractions. Involuntary movement via CNS

Skeletal

Voluntary muscles, attached to the bone.

Cardiac muscles

Helps the heart contract involuntarily. Highly connected cells that promote signal spread.

Muscle system

Muscle>Muscle fiber bundles> bundles of myofibrils> thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)

Cross bridge cycle

Myosin at rest with ATP; ATP breaks down to ADP and Pi. Myosin connects to actin as long as there is enough calcium to bind to troponin, which then moves tropomyosin out of the way. Myosin releases ADP and Pi, which causes myosin head to move and causes the power stroke. Myosin then returns to the resting state and detaches when a new ATP molecule binds to it.

Acetylcholine

Released by motor neurons which then open sodium channels. This triggers an action potential in the muscle cell which stimulates the Sacroplasmic reticulum to release calcium. this allows for contraction.

Acetylcholinesterase

Breaks down acetylcholine when muscle contractions want to stop.