A level biology aqa

What is a monosaccharide

A single sugar unit

What is a disaccharide

2 sugar units

What is a polysaccharide

Many sugar units which create large chain

What is an isomer

A molecule with the same chemical formula but different structure

what type of bond joins monosaccharides together

Glycosidic

What type of glucose is this

beta glucose

What type of glucose is this

Alpha glucose

What does a condensation reaction release

Water molecule (H2O)

What does a hydrolysis reaction use?

Water molecule (H2O)

What does hydrolysis do?

Breaks bonds using water

Which reaction forms bonds to make polymers?

Condensation reaction

During a condensation reaction, which molecule is used to create water?

Hydroxyl group (OH)

What are the three polysaccharides?

Starch, Glycogen, cellulose

What are the two different forms of starch?

Amylase, Amylopectin

What is the monomer of starch?

Alpha glucose

What is the monomer of glycogen?

Alpha glucose

What is the monomer of cellulose?

Beta glucose

which polysaccharides have a carbon bond of 1-4?

Starch( Amylose) and cellulose

Which polysaccharides have a carbon bond of 1-4 and 1-6?

Starch (Amylopectin) and glycogen

Describe the structure of Amylose

Glycosidic bond (1-4)

Long straight chain

Insoluble

Coils into helix to fit into cell

Hydrogen bonds for strength

Describe the structure of amylopectin

Glycosidic bond (1-4) & (1-6)

Branched so it has more ends

Easily hydrolysed

Coils into helix to fit in cell

Hydrogen bonds hold together shape

What is the general formula for carbohydrates

Describe the structure of glycogen

Insoluble

Glycosidic bond (1-4) and (1-6)

Branched so more ends

Can be rapidly hydrolysed

Coils into helix shape

Hydrogen bonds hold shape

Describe the structure of cellulose

Glycosidic (1-4)

Long straight chain

Every other monomer is inverted

Runs parallel to each other

Hydrogen bonds between adjacent cellulose molecules

Forms micro fibrils which forms into fibres

Which monosaccharides create maltose?

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose

Which monosaccharides create sucrose?

Alpha glucose + Fructose

Which monosaccharides create lactose?

Alpha glucose + galactose

Name this structure

Galactose

Name this structure

Fructose

what structure is this?

triglyceride

what structure is this?

phospholypid

what structure is this ?

Amino acid

what bonds are present in lipids?

ester bonds

what bonds are present in proteins?

peptide bonds

what do amino acids form?

Polypeptides

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic

Why is DNA a polynucleotide?

Made up of many nucleotide monomers, joined by phosphodiester bonds

What are the components in a nucleotide molecule?

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base.

What are the bases of nucleotides?

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Which bases are complementary to each other?

Adenine = thymine

Guanine = cytosine

what are purines?

Bases with 2 ring stricture

What are pyrimidines?

Bases with 1 ring structure.

What bonds form in between the bases ?

Hydrogen bonds

How many strands does DNA have?

2 ( double stranded)

Where is the sugar phosphate backbone located?

Outside of the molecule

Where are bases located?

On the Inside of the molecule

Do the DNA strands run parallel or anti parallel?

Anti parallel

What is the structure of DNA?

• Strands run anti parallel

• Held together by hydrogen bonds in between bases

• polynucleotide, made up of nucleotide monomers

• Sugar phosphate backbone outside the molecule, bases inside molecule

• Nucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds

• Two polynucleotide join to make double helix

• Nucleotides compromise off phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base

How does the structure off starch relate to its function?

Insoluble molecules do not diffuse out of cells, suitable for energy storage.

it is compact, allowing large amounts of to be stored in a small space.

Amylopectin has branches that allows enzymes to break it down into glucose.

How does glycogens structure relate to its function?

Insoluble, does not affect the water potential of cells

Compact structure allows large amounts glucose to be stored in a relatively small space

Many branches provide numerous sites to enzyme to act on- glucose to be released rapidly

How does cellulose structure relates to its function?

Hydrogen bonds form between monomers- creating strong microfibrils

Cellulose is insoluble- suitable for stable structural role

Straight chains lie parallel to each other

Microfibrils have high tensile strength- helps plants keep rigid structure

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What are the components of ATP?

Adenine

Ribose

3 phosphate groups

How is ATP formed?

adenosine diphosphate joins with inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase catalyses reaction.

What type of reaction is ADP —> ATP

Condensation reaction

True or false: ATP can be reversed

True

what reaction brakes down ATP

hydrolysis reaction

What enzyme helps breakdown ATP?

ATP hydrolase

What are some features of ATP?

• hydrolysis of atp releases small amount of energy

• Broken down in 1 step

• Rapidly resynthesised

• Bonds between phosphate group unstable (low activation energy)

What is the function of ATP?

• Movement (muscles contraction, sperm)

• Active transport (moves ions against concentration gradient)

• Synthesising large molecules (proteins)

• Activating other molecules( can phosphorylate enzyme)

is DNA replication semi conservative or conservative?

Semi conservative

What is the process of DNA replication?

• DNA helicase unzips the DNA molecule

• This leaves 2 strands to act as the template strands

• New Nucleotides pair with their complementary bases on original strand

• DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides phosphate group and sugar.

• 2 new dna molecules are formed with one original strand and one new strand

What does the enzyme DNA helicase do?

Breaks hydrogen bonds, unzips dna

What does DNA polymerase do?

Forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.

What is the