AP bio unit 2.1, 2.9, and 2.10

This is a review for my quiz!

Nucleus

Controls the cells and stores the DNA. Its like the boss of a cell and coordinates activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

ribosomes

makes proteins like a factory or a worker

Endoplasmic Reticulum

moves proteins and other things through the cell, acting as a transport system.

Chloroplast

makes food through photosynthesis like a solar panel

Golgi complex

modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins so they can go where they need to be like a post office

mitochondria

produces energy for the cell like a chemical reactor

lysosomes

breaks down waste and cells like a garbage truck

vacuole

stores water, nutrients, and etc like a pantry

What are ribosomes made of?

Cellular structures made of rRNA and proteins.

What do ribosomes produce

They produce proteins based off of mRNA sequences

Are Ribosomes apart of Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

Both

What is the Endomembrane system?

Its the collection of membrane-bound cell parts that modifies, packages, and transports cellular products in vesicles(membrane compartments that can be moved around a cell)

What is the term Vesicles?

Membrane compartments that can be moved around a cell

What can the endomembrane system make?

Proteins, Lipids, and polysaccharides. Not only that but carbohydrates, membrane and vesicles, and glycoproteins and modified molecules.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Its the system of membranes that helps cells maintain shape and ships cellular products to other cells.

Smooth ER

It detoxifies cells and synthesizes lipids

Rough ER

embedded with ribosomes, separates(compartmentalizes) cell parts that help with protein synthesis

Golgi Complex

Its the flattened membrane sacs that correctly folds and modifies newly made cellular products, packaging protein in vesicles for “shipping”

Mitochondrion

the power house of the cell. It synthesizes ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) which is the cellular energy “currency”

What is the structure of the Mitochondrion

Its a double-membrane: smooth outer membrane with a folded inner membrane for compartmentalization and efficiency

What is the lysosome?

Its a membrane-enclosed sac that hydrolyzes(breaks down) materials, aids in apoptosis which is the programmed cell death

What is the Vacuole?

Its the membrane-bound sac that stores materials.

What is the chloroplast?

It is a double-membrane organelle found in plants and algae.

Prokaryotic cells(bacteria and archaea) don’t contain what?

Prokaryotic cells(bacteria and archaea) don’t contain internal membranes that separate processes out

Prokaryotic cells still have what?

Internal regions with specialized structures.

Eukaryotic cells have what?

Internal membranes that keep cellular processes separate

What is the term “enzymatic”?

The enzymatic process is any chemical change or reaction driven by natural catalyst

What is the term “compartmentalization”?

Cell compartmentalization is the division of a eukaryotic cell’s interior into distinct, membrane-bound regions that isolate specific metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions.

What is the term “endosymbiosis”?

It's the evolutionary theory stating the eukaryotic organelles-specifically the chloroplast and mitochondria-originated when a larger host cell engulfed free-living prokaryotic bacteria

What do all cells contain?

Contains cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes, and are bounded by a plasma membrane.

What are the unique cell components for plant cells?

The plant cells contain chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata.

What are the unique cell components of an animal cell?

The animal cells contains lysosomes, centrosomes, and flagella.

Cytoskeleton

It’s a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm which gives the structural support and mechanical support that is needed.

What are the three fibers of the cytoskeleton?

The three different fibers are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Peroxisomes

Membrane bound metabolic compartment which breaks down fatty acid molecules, synthesizes certain phospholipids, detoxifies compounds.