L40: VBD in large animals

What is the agent that causes Heartwater Disease?

Erlichia ruminatium

What type of agent is Heartwater Disease?

Obligate intracellular rickettsial bacterium

What vector(s) spread Heartwater Disease?

Ambylomma

What cells or tissues are affected by Heartwater Disease?

1. Endothelial cells

2. Neutrophils

What animal(s) are infected by Heartwater Disease?

Cattle

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Heartwater Disease?

1. PCR

2. Staining in tissues

What are the clinical signs of Heartwater Disease?

1. Fever

2. Edema of heart and lungs

3. Death

What is the treatment for Heartwater Disease?

Tetracyclines

What is the prevention/control for Heartwater Disease?

1. Acaricide/tick control

2. surveillance and biosecurity

What vaccination note is listed for Heartwater Disease?

Vaccinate if endemic

What is the agent that causes Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Anaplasma marginale

What type of agent is Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Intracellular bacteria

What vector(s) spread Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. Ticks

2. Tabanid flies

3. Mechanical vectors

What cells or tissues are affected by Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Erythrocytes

What animal(s) are infected by Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Cattle

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. Blood Smear (Giemsa)

2. ELISA

3. PCR

What are the peracute clinical signs of Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. anemia

2. icterus

3. fever

4. death in few hours

what are the acute clinical signs of Bovine Anaplasmosis?

dies over a couple days

what are the other clinical signs of Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. Tachycardia

2. Panting/open mouth breathing

3. Reluctance to move

4. Urine dark brown because of extravascular hemolysis

What is the treatment for Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. Oxytetracycline

2. Imidocarb (extra label in the US)

3. Supportive Care

4. Remove and treat ticks

What is the prevention/control for Bovine Anaplasmosis?

1. Tick/vector control

2. prevent blood transfer via needles/instruments

How do calves under 2 years typically present with Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Calves < 2 years = SUBCLINICAL

What is the incubation period listed for Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Incubate for 2-8 weeks

What can cause carriers of Bovine Anaplasmosis to relapse?

Carriers relapse with immune suppression

What additional control method is listed for Bovine Anaplasmosis?

Control by injectable or pour on ivermectin/amitraz

What is the agent that causes Babesiosis (Red water)?

1. Babesia bigemina

2. Babesia bovis

What type of agent is Babesiosis (Red water)?

Protozoa

What vector(s) spread Babesiosis (Red water)?

1. Ticks

2. Fomites

3. Mechanical vectors with infected blood

What cells or tissues are affected by Babesiosis (Red water)?

Erythrocytes

What animal(s) are infected by Babesiosis (Red water)?

Cattle

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Babesiosis (Red water)?

1. Giemsa Blood smear

2. PCR

What are the clinical signs of Babesiosis (Red water)?

1. High fever

2. Ataxia

3. Anorexia

4. Dark red or brown urine

5. Tachycardia

6. Tachypnea

7. Bulls may become infertile

8. Cows may abort

What is the treatment for Babesiosis (Red water)?

1. No specific treatment

2. NSAIDS

3. Remove/treat for ticks

4. Blood transfusion

What is the prevention/control for Babesiosis (Red water)?

Tick control

What reporting status is listed for Babesiosis (Red water)?

Notifiable Disease

How is Babesiosis (Red water) maintained in infected animals?

subclinically in infected animals!

What additional control method is listed for Babesiosis (Red water)?

Control by injectable or pour on ivermectin/amitraz

What is the agent that causes New Forest Eye?

Moraxella bovis

What type of agent is New Forest Eye?

Gram-negative bacteria

What vector(s) spread New Forest Eye?

1. Flies

2. Direct contact with infected lacrimal secretions, saliva, or nasal discharge

What cells or tissues are affected by New Forest Eye?

Corneal epithelium and conjunctiva

What animal(s) are infected by New Forest Eye?

Cattle (young stock more susceptible)

What diagnostic test(s) are used for New Forest Eye?

1. Clinical eye exam

2. Fluorescien stain for corneal ulceration

What are the clinical signs of New Forest Eye?

1. Extreme pain causing animals to shut their eyes

2. Excessive tearing

3. Mucopurulent discharge

4. Ulcers

5. Weight loss

6. Blindness

What is the treatment for New Forest Eye?

1. Penicillin with oxytetracycline (secondary bacterial infections)

2. NSAIDS

What is the prevention/control for New Forest Eye?

1. Fly control

2. isolate affected animals

What environmental factors predispose cattle to New Forest Eye?

UV sunlight and dust

Which cattle are more susceptible to New Forest Eye?

Young stock more susceptible

What is the agent that causes Summer Mastitis?

Truperella pyogenes

What type of agent is Summer Mastitis?

Gram-positive bacteria

What vector(s) spread Summer Mastitis?

Head fly

What cells or tissues are affected by Summer Mastitis?

Mammary gland

What animal(s) are infected by Summer Mastitis?

Cattle (Dry cows and heifers)

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Summer Mastitis?

1. Clinical udder exam

2. Bacterial culture

What are the clinical signs of Summer Mastitis?

1. Painful inflamed quarter

2. profuse foul-smelling purulent exudate

3. systemic illness can occur

4. affected quarter often loses production

What is the treatment for Summer Mastitis?

1. Penicillin

2. NSAIDS

3. Frequent removal of pus from teat

4. Isolate animal from herd

What is the prevention/control for Summer Mastitis?

1. Fly control

2. avoid standing water/wet areas and high-risk pasture conditions

3. monitor dry cows/heifers closely

What is the agent that causes Blue Tongue Virus?

Bluetongue virus (BTV)

What type of agent is Blue Tongue Virus?

Double-stranded RNA virus

What vector(s) spread Blue Tongue Virus?

Culicoides (midge)

What cells or tissues are affected by Blue Tongue Virus?

Vascular endothelial cells

What animal(s) are infected by Blue Tongue Virus?

1. sheep

2. goats

3. cattle

4. buffaloes

5. african antelope

6. deer

7. camelids

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Blue Tongue Virus?

1. RT-PCR

2. PCR

What are the clinical signs of Blue Tongue Virus?

1. Often subclinical in cattle

2. Fever

3. facial/muzzle edema

4. oral erosions

5. hyperemia/hemorrhage

6. coronitis/laminitis

7. lameness

8. respiratory signs

which animal clinically are more severely affected by bluetongue virus?

sheep

What is the treatment for Blue Tongue Virus?

No specific treatment

What is the prevention/control for Blue Tongue Virus?

1. Vaccination where available

2. Culicoides/vector control

3. movement/biosecurity measures

What is the agent that causes Schmallenberg Virus?

Schmallenburg virus (SBV)

What type of agent is Schmallenberg Virus?

Orthobunyavirus

What vector(s) spread Schmallenberg Virus?

Culicoides (midge)

What cells or tissues are affected by Schmallenberg Virus?

Fetal CNS and musculoskeletal tissues

What animal(s) are infected by Schmallenberg Virus?

1. Cattle

2. Sheep

3. Goats

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Schmallenberg Virus?

RT-PCR

What are the clinical signs of Schmallenberg Virus?

1. Fever

2. Diarrhea

3. Reduced milk yield

4. Severe congenital malformations

5. Abortions

What is the treatment for Schmallenberg Virus?

No treatment

What is the prevention/control for Schmallenberg Virus?

1. Prevent exposure of susceptible pregnant animals

2. Vector control

3. vaccines have been produced/used in parts of Europe

What is the agent that causes Louping Ill?

Louping ill virus

What type of agent is Louping Ill?

Flavivirus

What vector(s) spread Louping Ill?

Ixodes ricinus

What cells or tissues are affected by Louping Ill?

CNS neurons

What animal(s) are infected by Louping Ill?

Sheep

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Louping Ill?

1. Serum hemoagglutination-inhibition testing

2. PCR antemortem

What are the clinical signs of Louping Ill?

1. Fever

2. Depression

3. Ataxia

4. Tremors

5. characteristic 'louping' gait

6. Seizures

7. Opisthontos

8. posterior paralysis

9. recumbency

10. Coma/death

What is the treatment for Louping Ill?

Supportive care only

What is the prevention/control for Louping Ill?

Tick control and limiting exposure

What is the agent that causes Lumpy Skin Virus?

Capripoxvirus

What type of agent is Lumpy Skin Virus?

Capripoxvirus double-stranded DNA virus

What vector(s) spread Lumpy Skin Virus?

Biting insects

What cells or tissues are affected by Lumpy Skin Virus?

Skin and subcutaneous tissue

What animal(s) are infected by Lumpy Skin Virus?

1. Cattle

2. Buffalo

What diagnostic test(s) are used for Lumpy Skin Virus?

PCR and virus isolation

What are the clinical signs of Lumpy Skin Virus?

1. Firm raised skin nodules

2. Fever

3. Reduced milk production

What is the treatment for Lumpy Skin Virus?

No specific treatment

What is the prevention/control for Lumpy Skin Virus?

1. Vaccination

2. Vector control

What economic impact is listed for Lumpy Skin Virus?

Significant economic losses

What is the agent that causes Tick Paralysis?

Salivary neurotoxin produced by certain female ticks

What type of agent is Tick Paralysis?

Tick-mediated toxicosis ( not an infection)

What vector(s) spread Tick Paralysis?

Ticks

What cells or tissues are affected by Tick Paralysis?

Neuromuscular junction

What animal(s) are infected by Tick Paralysis?

1. Alpacas

2. Cattle