H260 - Lecture Exam #4 - Study Guide

Flashcards for H260 Lecture Exam #4, focusing on vocabulary from Modules 11-13.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.

Pesticide (IPM)

Chemical or biological agents used to control pests, but used judiciously within an IPM strategy.

Mechanical Controls (IPM)

Physical methods to control pests, such as traps, barriers, or manual removal.

Chemical Controls (IPM)

The use of pesticides within an IPM strategy as a last resort when other methods are insufficient.

Cultural Controls (IPM)

Practices that reduce pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival, such as crop rotation, sanitation, and resistant varieties.

Biological Controls (IPM)

The use of natural enemies (predators, parasites, pathogens) to control pests.

Plant Tissue Culture (In vitro)

The aseptic culture of cells, tissues, or organs in a nutrient medium under controlled environmental conditions.

Laminar Flow Transfer Hood

An enclosed workspace that provides a sterile environment by filtering air and maintaining a constant flow of air across the work surface.

Agar

A gelatinous substance derived from seaweed, used as a solidifying agent in plant tissue culture media.

Sexual Propagation

Reproduction of plants through the use of seeds, involving the fusion of male and female gametes.

Perfect Flower

A flower that has both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive organs.

Imperfect Flower

A flower that has either male (stamen) or female (pistil) reproductive organs, but not both.

Monoecious

Plants having both male and female flowers on the same individual.

Dioecious

Plants having either male or female flowers on separate individuals.

Complete Flower

A flower that possesses all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.

Incomplete Flower

A flower that lacks one or more of the four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.

Double Fertilization

A process unique to angiosperms where one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the zygote and another sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm.

Tube Nucleus

The nucleus in a pollen grain that controls the growth of the pollen tube.

Generative Nuclei

The nuclei in a pollen grain that divide to form the sperm cells.

Zygote

The diploid cell formed by the fusion of the sperm and egg during fertilization.

Histodifferentiation

The process by which cells in developing tissues differentiate into specialized cell types.

Cell Expansion

The increase in cell size, driven by turgor pressure and cell wall modification.

Maturation and Drying

The final stages of seed development involving the accumulation of food reserves and desiccation.

Quiescent Seed

A seed that fails to germinate due to external environmental constraints such as lack of water, proper temperature or oxygen.

Funiculus

The stalk attaching the ovule to the ovary wall.

Hilum

The scar on a seed marking the point of attachment to the funiculus.

Viable Seed

A seed that is alive and capable of germination under favorable conditions.

Tetrazolium (TZ)

A colorless dye that is used to test seed viability; living tissues turn red when stained.

Imbibition

The absorption of water by a seed, leading to its swelling and the initiation of germination.

Lag Phase

The period after imbibition when metabolic activity increases in the seed, but there is no visible growth.

Radicle Emergence

The point when the embryonic root (radicle) protrudes through the seed coat, marking the beginning of germination.

Seed Priming

A pre-sowing treatment that partially hydrates seeds to initiate early germination processes, improving germination speed and uniformity.

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

A water-soluble polymer used in seed priming to control water uptake.

Primary Dormancy

Dormancy imposed during seed development.

Secondary Dormancy

Dormancy that is induced in a non-dormant seed caused by exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions.

Scarification

Breaking, scratching, or softening the seed coat to allow water and gases to penetrate and initiate germination.

Stratification

The process of subjecting seeds to a period of cold, moist conditions to break dormancy.

Water Leaching

The process of removing germination inhibitors from seeds by rinsing them in water.