BONE TISSUE TEST REVIEW

Articular cartilage

Covers the ends of bones and reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone

Compact bone

Dense, hard bone that provides strength and support

Spongy bone

Lightweight bone with spaces that contain red marrow

Red marrow

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Yellow marrow

Stores fat for energy

Bone shaft

Diaphysis

Bone end

Epiphysis

Purpose of articular cartilage

Reduces friction and cushions bones at joints

Flat bone cross section

Compact bone on the outside, spongy bone in the middle, and periosteum covering the outside

Trabeculae

Thin plates or beams of bone that form the framework of spongy bone

Long bones

Phalanges

Short bones

Carpals, patella

Flat bones

Skull bones, ribs

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, mandible

Lacunae

Small spaces in bone tissue where osteocytes are found

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue

Osteoblast

Cell that builds new bone

Osteoclast

Cell that breaks down and removes bone tissue

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting lacunae that allow nutrients and waste to move between bone cells

Inorganic salts

Minerals like calcium phosphate that make bones hard and strong

Endosteum

Thin membrane lining the inside of bones and bone cavities

Periosteum

Membrane covering the outside of bones that contains blood vessels and nerves

Compound fracture

Broken bone that breaks through the skin

Simple fracture

Broken bone that does not break through the skin

Comminuted fracture

Bone breaks into three or more pieces

Spiral fracture

Fracture caused by twisting force that creates a spiral break

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete break where the bone bends and cracks, common in children

Fissured fracture

Crack or narrow split in the bone

Oblique fracture

Break that runs diagonally across the bone

Compression fracture

Bone is crushed or collapses, often in vertebrae

Step 1 of fracture repair

Fracture hematoma forms as blood vessels break and blood clots around the break

Step 2 of fracture repair

Soft callus forms as new tissue and cartilage connect the broken ends

Step 3 of fracture repair

Hard callus forms as spongy bone replaces the soft callus

Step 4 of fracture repair

Bone remodeling reshapes the bone and restores its structure

Phagocytes in fracture repair

Remove dead cells and damaged tissue around the fracture

Osteoporosis

Disorder where bones lose density and become weak and more likely to fracture

Cause of osteoporosis

Bone breakdown happens faster than new bone formation

Preventing osteoporosis

Get enough calcium and vitamin D, exercise regularly, and avoid smoking

Functions of bone

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage

Red marrow function

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Yellow marrow function

Stores fat as an energy reserve

Red marrow location

Mostly in spongy bone, especially in flat bones and at the ends of some long bones in adults

Yellow marrow location

Mostly in the medullary cavity of the shaft of long bones

Protein fibers in bone matrix

Collagen fibers

Collagen function

Gives bone flexibility and allows it to bend slightly without breaking

Osteogenesis

Formation of new bone

Another name for osteogenesis

Ossification

Three reasons osteogenesis occurs

Growth during childhood, bone repair after a fracture, and replacement of old bone during remodeling

Hypercalcemia

Abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood

Health issues from hypercalcemia

Kidney stones, muscle weakness, digestive problems, and abnormal heart rhythms

Bone soaked in bleach

Organic material is broken down, leaving the bone more brittle and chalky

Bone soaked in vinegar

Acid dissolves minerals like calcium salts, leaving the bone soft and flexible