Unit 4 Study Questions

What technology lead to European exploration? (7)

1) Lateen sail

2)Compass

3) Astrolabe

4) Cartography (map making)

5) Carrack

6) Caravel

7) Fluyt

What does a Lateen Sail help do?

it helps ships maneuver in the wind

What does a compass do?

chart direction

What does an astrolabe do?

determines how far north/south; use with compass to navigate on open seas

How did cartography improve during the time period?

skills improved, making maps more accurate

What is a Carrack?

large and more stable Portuguese ship

What is a Caravel?

large Portuguese ship with multiple lateen sails

What is a Fluyt?

a large dutch ship

What two ways did Europeans learn about transportation technology?

1) trade connections between Asia and Europe; Silk Roads & Indian Ocean trade networks

2) Travels of Marco Polo and others to China

How did new technology influence European trade and travel?

they were able to travel more efficiently and safely with new technology to places they had never been before- led to new trade routes and Europe gaining power.

What was mercantilism?

an economic theory in which a country develops overseas colonies that will enrich the mother country

What is a colony?

an area or country under political control of another country; usually a distant one

How was mercantilism practiced during this time?

states sponsor explorers and merchants accumulate gold, silver, and raw materials

Which states had political rivalries with each other? (2 sets)

1) Portugal vs. Spain (this was the earliest one)

2) England vs. France

Why would states pay for maritime exploration?

trade opportunities and the gain of political power

What main trade opportunities came of maritime exploration? (2)

1) gaining tax income from expanding trade, which help maintain the state

2) gaining access to resources to help expand trade and political power

What was the main example of gaining political power through maritime exploration?

having more colonies than rival states

What part of the Americas did Portugal have colonies?

Brazil

What other colonies did Portugal have other than in Brazil? (not in the Americas)

1) East and west coast of Africa

2) Along the Indian Ocean

What part of the Americas did Spain have colonies? (2)

1) Parts of Central America

2) Most of South America

What part of the Americas did France have colonies? (2)

1) Parts of Canada

2) Modern day America/US

What part of the Americas did England have colonies? (2)

1) Parts of Canada

2) Northeast coast of America/US (13 original colonies)

Where did Europe have colonies other than in the Americas?

Parts of India

What was the economic reason that caused the colonies to be created?

search for trade opportunities

What was the Northwest passage?

A hoped-for sailing route from Europe to east Asia by going through North America's Arctic islands (turns out it didn't really exist)

What state has a trading post empire?

Portugal

How did trading post empires work?

control over trading areas, not entire nations-but helped to gain more control of a country

Where was the Portuguese trading post empire set up?

1) Along both African coasts (west and east)

2) Small posts in India

How did European rivalries help the creation of the Colombian exchange?

Competitions between European states lead to states acquiring colonies and making profits, wanted to beat each other to the new world- access to American goods/wanting and needing them in Europe started the Colombian exchange

How did technology help the creation of the Colombian Exchange?

New ships & navigation technology make transoceanic travel possible

How did mercantilism help the creation of the Colombian Exchange?

- Europe was trying to gain as much gold & silver as possible by owning colonies & selling goods, not buying them

- The ideology maximized profits for the mother country which was appealing to European states

How did desire for goods help the creation of the Colombian Exchange? (3)

1) people wanted animals

2) people wanted food so people could live longer

3) people wanted more space for food to be grown

What are the 4 main effects on the Americas brought by the Colombian Exchange?

1) Disease brought by settlers

2) Food/cash crops (growth of excess of food)

3) Introduction of domesticated animals

4) Environmental damage

What were the diseases brought by European settlers in the Americas? (3)

1) Smallpox

2) Measles

3) Malaria

What is Smallpox?

a contagious disease that causes fever and blisters; often fatal

What were cash crops?

one type of crop that colonies were forced to grow because it would profit their European mother country (they would sell it)

What were American colonies not allowed to due because of the demand of cash crops?

they were no longer allowed to grow their own food (all of the land was used for farming cash crops)

What were the locations were cash crops were grown called?

plantations

What were common examples of cash crops (3)

1) cotton

2) sugarcane

3) tobacco

What are the main examples of domesticated animals brought the the Americas? (3)

1) horses

2) cows

3) pigs

What kind of environmental damage was brought by the growth of cash crops on American land?

Caused soil erosion and loss of native animals that were a source of food for indigenous populations

How did the Colombian Exchange benefit European states? (2)

1) Population increase

2) Economy boost

How did the Colombian Exchange help the European population grow/become more stable?

new foods like barley, wheat, okra, and rice, were shelf-stable foods that lasted, which helped keep populations stable

How did the Colombian Exchange boost the European economy?

Huge profits coming to Europe from selling cash crops they acquired from Americas

Why were the diseases brought by European settlers so deadly to Native Americans?

These diseases were introduced to the West for the first time, and since indigenous populations had no immunity, they were devastating while the Europeans had built up anti-bodies

Where were Portugal's trading posts located?

East and West coasts of Africa

Indian coasts

Why did Portugal want a trading post empire?

Easier way to slowly increase influence/control over an area by starting with trade access & moving to full control over time

Which areas of the world had conflict with Europe due to European's controlling more trade networks? (2)

1) Japan

2) China

What was an example of Japan resisting European power expansion?

Japan banned Christianity and by 1630s, essentially banned European foreigners in an effort to control trade and cultural influence in their country

What was an example of China resisting European power expansion?

China tries to limit foreign influence with Great Wall - extending and repairing sections

Why did European expansion lead to conflict Asian states?

Asian countries do not want to lose profits or control from the trade routes they traditionally control & also don't want to be colonized by Europe so limit influence

Where does the British East India Company establish trading posts and how did they make money?

- India

- taxing trade

What did the British East India Company have a say over due to their economic influence and control of foreign trade (and where)?

laws and political policies within the Mughal Empire

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas determine in rearguards to Spanish and Portuguese conflict of land in the Americas?

Spain would be able to create colonies in Eastern South America and Portugal could establish colonies in modern-day Brazil

Which to European countries fight over land in North America?

France & Britain

At what point did Britain get France out of Canada?

During/after the French and Indian War

How did the Indian Ocean continue during this time period?

Same counties involved in trade routes, taxing trade, with similar crops

EX] China: silk roads; silk, porcelain, industrial goods like steel

What does Gujarat trade?

Cloth

What does Java trade?

Spices and crops

What was indentured servitude?

- lower-class people who signed a contract to work for free for a certain amount of time

- Employers in the Americas paid for the journey over, which was part of the debt

- Generally once the debt was paid they were free, but sometimes they struggled to pay off the debt

- Working conditions harsh, and living conditions very poor

What was the Encomienda system?

- System of forced labor in which Spanish made indigenous populations in Americas work for them to find and extract gold

- Bad conditions and little regard for life

What was Chattel slavery?

- people were brought from Africa through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade (bought and sold)

- kidnapped (not voluntary)

- main form of labor in the America

- formed due to labor demand because of cash crop plantations

- much more brutal than other forms of slavery (awful conditions)

What were the three main labor systems in the Americas enforced by European powers?

1) Indentured servitude

2) Encomienda system

3) Chattel slavery

Why did Europeans used labor systems/why were they needed?

- Europeans want free labor for plantations to grow cash crops for more profit in Americas and slavery is a pre-existing institution but Europeans expand it rapidly

What was a common outcome for Native Americans who were forced into slavery?

Most Native Americans who they forced into labor have been killed by diseases Europeans brought

How were joint stock companies funded?

private investors buy shares in a company in hopes of earning a profit (since they will get a share of the company's profits)

What did joint stock companies used money from investors?

to expand the business

What did early joint stock companies do?

fund exploration, travel, and early purchases

What were the two biggest joint stock companies during this time?

1) Dutch East India Company

2) British East India Company

How did the Dutch East India Company act as a middle man between Europe and Asia/Africa?

- they would buy goods from Asia/Africa/Americas and sell them for a profit to European markets

- spices from SE Asia, gold from Africa, agricultural products from America

Where did the Dutch East India Company make most of their profits?

the Southeast Asian trade

Where did the British East India Company mostly operate?

India

What types of crops did the British East India Company trade a lot of? (2)

1) Cotton

2) Indigo

What conflict occurred within Indian Ocean trade (between who, why)?

Portuguese had taken over parts of the Indian Ocean trade from Islamic merchants→ Muslim/European rivalry

How does Portugal alter Indian Ocean Trade?

- Portugal militarize it with trading posts

- profit shifts to Europeans from Indian states like Mughals

Who wins in Morocco vs. Portugal?

-Portugal won but because of the expenses of the wars Portugal has been in, both fall

-Power back to Europeans

Why were joint stock companies so popular?

Rulers and states sponsored and allowed joint stock companies to fund explorations and economic ventures (since it is very expensive to afford alone) to make their countries powerful and wealthy

Why did states fight over control of trade routes?

Control of trade routes means more wealth and resources for a leader on a global scale

What material becomes the first global currency due to its highly sought after value?

Silver

What does Europe trade silver (from American colonies) for in Asia? From where?

China & Japan: luxury good like tea, silk, spices, and porcelain

States with what were more wealthy? Who had this advantage?

- Silver

- Spain/European States

What was the commercial revolution? What caused it?

- the result of silver trade

- it was the expansion of the good being sold, places involved in trade routes, and the increasing wealth and power in Europe

Who held a much bigger role in global economy after the commercial revolution?

Europe

What were the results of the commercial revolution?

1) the European colonies

2) the opening of new oceanic trade routes

3) population growth (due to more food sources)

4) increased amount of gold and silver in circulation

What is a monopoly?

when a company has complete control of a product

What monopoly did the British East India Company have?

they had exclusive trading rights in India, granted by the British government

What monopoly did Spain have?

Tobacco, Spanish companies earned all the profits from tobacco trade

What was the triangle trade pattern?

Europe takes guns to Africa in exchange for slaves, takes slaves to Americas in exchange for cash crops, and take cash crops back to Europe

Who were the main benefactors of triangle trade?

Mostly Europe, with some African states like Benin

What was the larger trade network that Triangle Trade was a part of? What was it?

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced slavery of people from Africa to the Americas from 1500s-1800s

Why did the global silver trade commence?

European control over colonies gave them more access to valuable resources which were highly sought after in the Eastern hemisphere

Why did monopolies occur?

Europe's strong military capabilities and economic power gave them colonies, and through economic control and expansion were able to take over and eliminate rivals

What caused major population loss in Africa?

salve trade/kidnappings

What did the decreased population in Africa force them to do?

be dependent on Europe for food and trade

Europe benefited on both sides of slave trade

What promoted the shift in African gender roles?

the men being taken to the Americas for slavery, lead to woman working and running homes

Why did more African wars occur during the Trans-Atlantic Trade?

because some states participated in slave trade while others were harmed by it, wanted to get rid of corruption of power

How did the Spanish alter the native Aztec culture?

Spanish burn native histories in Americas, such as those written by the Aztecs, and force their language/religion on native people

How did the Portuguese alter native Brazilian culture?

Most native languages replaced by Portuguese in Brazil (which was a Portuguese colony) or Spanish in the rest of Latin America

Who were creoles?

people born in the Americas that had European blood and had social and political power rather than indigenous people

Who created a new social hierarchy in the Americas, and who was favored?

Europeans, the creoles