ANAT 100- Module 1 낱말 카드

Body Divisions

Axial

- head, neck, torso

Appendicular

- upper and lower limbs

Organ Systems:

- integumentary system

- skeletal system

- muscular system

- nervous system

- endocrine system

- digestive system

- respiratory system

- cardiovascular system

- lymphatic system

- urinary system

- reproductive system

Organ Systems: Integumentary System

- body coverings and skin

- also hair and nails

Organ Systems: Skeletal System

- bones and joints of the body

Organ Systems: Muscular System

- muscles

- works together for movement and support

Organ Systems: Endocrine System

- glands that produce hormones

- the endocrine and the nervous system work together for the function of integration and coordination in the body

Organ Systems: Digestive System

- long tube from the mouth the the anus

Organ Systems: Respiratory System

- allows you to breath

- nose, air passageways, and lungs

Organ Systems: Cardiovascular System

- blood, blood vessels, and heart

Organ Systems: Lymphatic System

- lymphatic vessels, cells, and structures that can give an immune response

- (Lymphatic vessels are like blood vessels that carry lymph around the cell)

Organ Systems: Urinary System

- kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

- the respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and urinary stems all function together to process and transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products

Organ Systems: Reproductive System

- give sexual maturity and the ability to have offspring

Body Cavities

- where organ systems are enclosed

- protect out vital organs

Types of Body Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity

- cranial

- vertebral

Ventral Body Cavity

- thoracic

- abdominopelvic

Dorsal Body Cavities:

- cranial (houses the brain)

- vertebral (houses the spinal chord)

Ventral Body Cavities: Thoracic

(above the diaphragm)

- superior mediastinum (contains esophagus, protected by the sternum)

- pericardial (contains heart)

-pleural (2 of them)

Ventral Body Cavities: Abdominopelvic

- abdominal (contains digestive viscera)

- pelvic (contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs)

anatomical position

…

Directional Terms: Superior and Inferior

superior

- above

inferior

- below

Directional Terms: Anterior (Ventral) and posterior (Dorsal)

Anterior (ventral)

- in front

Posterior (dorsal)

- behind

Directional Terms: Medial and Lateral

medial

- towards the middle of the body

lateral

- away from the middle of the body

Directional Terms: proximal and distal

proximal

- near, close to the origin

distal

- away from, farther from the origin

Directional Terms: superficial and deep

superficial

- closer to the surface of the body

deep

- farther from the surface of the body

Directional Terms: parietal and visceral

parietal

- indicating components of body walls, including muscles, connective tissues, and tissue covering the organs

visceral

- lines the outer surfaces of organs (viscera) that are located in the cavities

Planes of the Body: Sagittal

- body is split into left and right parts

Planes of the Body: coronal

- body is split into posterior and anterior parts

Planes of the Body: horizontal

- body is split into superior and inferior parts

Planes of the Body: Oblique

- plane that passes through the body at an angle

Planes of the Body: Longitudinal Plane

- any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane

ex. coronal and sagittal planes

Body Quadrants

4 Basic Tissues in the body

- epithelial

- connective

- nervous

- muscular

Epithelial Tissue: 2 Types of Epithelium

covering epithelium

- cells that cover the external and internal surfaces

glandular epithelium

- cells that produce and secrete product (like hormones)

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics of Epithelium CELLULARITY

- adjacent epithelial cells are jointed by junctions

- 4 types of junctions: tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics of epithelium POLARITY

- epithelial cell has an exploded (apical) surface that faces the exterior of the body or internal space AND A basal surface where it is attached to underlying tissue

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics of Epithelium ATTACHMENT

- epithelial cells rest on and are attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics of Epithelium AVASCULARITY

- epithelial tissue has no direct contact with blood cells

- the epithelial cells receive nutrients from blood vessels in the underlying tissue

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics of Epithelium REGENERATION

- epithelial cells are renewed constantly

Epithelial Tissue: Functions of epithelium

Support and Protection

- covers external and internal surfaces of the body

Permeability

- allows substances to be absorbed into the body (ex. in the digestive system)

Sensation

-some epithelial tissues can detect sensory stimuli (ex. skin senses touch)

Secretion

- specialized to secrete specific substances (ex. skin secretes lubricating oils)

Epithelial Tissue: Classifying Epithelium

CELL ORGANIZATION

CELL SHAPE

Classifying epithelium: Cell organization

simple

- epithelium is 1 layer thick

stratified

- epithelium is 2 or more layers thick

Classifying epithelium: Cell Shape

squamous

- flat (thin), wide, and somewhat irregular in shape

cuboidal

- square, nucleus is normally in the middle

columnar

- taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell

Epithelial Tissue: Naming epithelial tissue

- named using their classification

- first part is cell organization, second part is cell shape

Epithelial Tissue: Simple Squamous

- single layer of flattened cells

- ex. found lining blood vessels. Blood vessels transport materials to and from cells, so the thinner barrier allows for quicker change between cells

Epithelial Tissue: Simple cuboidal

- single layer of cube cells

- ex. can be found lining some glands

Epithelial Tissue: Simple columnar

- single layer of column cells

- ex. can be found lining the GI tract. Similar to simple squamous, it allows for rapid secretion or absorption of material

Epithelial Tissue: Stratified Squamous

- multiple layers of flat shaped cells

- the basal cells may be more cuboidal, but the apical cells are more flattened

- ex. make up the most superficial layers of the skin

Epithelial Tissue: Stratified Columnar

- multiple layers of column shaped cells

- rare in the human body, but can be found in the male urethra

- function: protection and secretion

Epithelial Tissue: Stratified cuboidal

- multiple layers of cube shaped cells

- can be located in some ducts of glands

- functions: secretion, protection, strength

Epithelial Tissue: Other Types of epithelium TRANSITIONAL

- made up of multiple layers of epithelial cells allowing for stretching

- shape depends on if its stretched or relaxed

- domed shaped surface cells, which stretch in when surface cells fallen out

Epithelial Tissue: Other Types of epithelium PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

- single layer of cells and its cell nucleus in a way like stratified epithelium

- short cilia (hair like projections) on the surface of these cells help In moving mucous

- can be found in the respiratory tract, where mucous must be transported

Connective Tissue

- most common type of tissue in the body

Connective Tissue: Functions

SUPPORT AND PROTECTION

- the bones of the skull protect the brain

-kidneys are surrounded by a fat padding that protects it

STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK FROM THE BODY

- cartilage supports body structure like the trachea, ears and nose

- bones of the skeleton are the framework for skeletal muscles

MEDIUM FOR EXCHANGE

- blood carries gases, nutrients, wastes, and blood cells to different parts of the body

STORAGE AND REPAIR

- bone stores minerals like calcium

- fat serves as a major energy storage for the body

DEFENSE

- acting like a physical barrier

- through white blood cells

- antibody production

Connective Tissue: Components of Connective Tissues

- cells

- fibres

- ground substance

Components of Connective Tissues: Cells

- many types of cells can be found in connective tissues

FIXED CELLS

- they're permentna in connective tissue (ex. fibroblasts)

WANDERING CELLS

- migrate and enter the connective tissue from the blood in response to a certain stimuli (ex. macrophages)

Components of Connective Tissues: Fibres

3 Types of fibres secreted by fibroblasts

COLLAGEN FIBRES

RETICULAR FIBRES

ELASTIC FIBRES

- different fibres lead to different functions fo connective tissue

Components of Connective Tissues: Ground substances

- occupies the space between cells and fibres of CT

- high water content, transparent, colourless

Types of Connective Tissues

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

- loose CT

- dense CT

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- bone

- cartilage

SPECIALIZED FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- blood

- lymph

Loose CT

- has more ground substance with few CT fibres (elastin and collagen fibres)

- ex. adipose tissue. fat cells make up most of this tissue

dense CT

- less ground substance with more CT fibres

- found in ligaments and tendons

- ex. Elastic tissue. bundles of thick elastic fibres where we find collagen and fibroblasts

bone

- forms the framework of the body

- circle shapes called osteons

cartilage

- structural component of the body

- nose, ears

- types: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

blood

- fluid in the heart and blood vessels

- it has various cells and proteins and does a number of essential functions in the body

lymph

- a fluid that is collected into thin-walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system

Ehlesr-Danlos Syndrome

- there is issues with collagen fibre

- causes loose fragile skin with lots of stretch because there is no strength in the connective tissue

Supporting connective tissue

- cartilage and bones

- provides a strong, durable framework to protect and support soft body tissues

Cartilage

- a firm tissue, softer and more flexible than bone

- found in joints between moveable bones between vertebra in the spine, ears and nose, bronchial tubes or airways

Cartilage: Components of Cartilage

CELLS

- mostly chondrocytes, located throughout ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain 1 or more cells

FIBRES

- collagen or elastic fibres throughout cartilage

GROUND SUBSTANCE

- a firm gel that makes cartilage solid

- contains the chondrocytes

Cartilage: Additional Components of Cartilage

PERICHONDRIUM

- dense, irregular tissue that envelopes cartilage to provide nutrients to the cartilage

- not all types of cartilage have this

LACUNAE

- small spaces in cartilage that hold 1 or more chondrocytes

Types of Cartilage

HYALINE

- strong, rubbery, wear resistant

- most common type

- joint surface of moveable joints, walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi and ribs

FIBROCARTILAGE

- tough and inflexible, durable and resistant to compression

- intravertebral discs and symphysis pubis

ELASTIC

- most flexible

- external ear, Eustachian tube, and epiglottic tube

Bone: Functions

- support, locomotion, protection, blood cell production, mineral metabolism

Bone Composition:

2/3 INORGANIC COMPOUND

- minerals, salt

- cause rigidity

1/3 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

- cells, fibres, ground substance

structural unit of bone

- osteons

(made of concentric rings with hollow central canal (Haversian canal))

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- support and protection

- provides structure for the body

- medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste

- storage

- repair defence for invasion of antigens