Micro Exam 2

Psycrophile

a microorganism that grows best in very cold temperatures

Mesophile

a microorganism that likes moderate temperatures.

Thermophile

a microorganism that likes hot temperatures

pH

a measure of how acidic or basic something is.

Anaerobe

an organism that doesn’t need oxygen to live

Nutrient Agar & Broth

Agar: a solid material used to grow bacteria, broth: a liquid used to grow bacteria.

Selective Media

a growth medium that lets certain bacteria grow while stopping others.

Differential Media

a growth medium that shows differences between bacteria

PCR

a method used to make many copies of DNA, usually takes longer but is more accurate

ELISA

a test used to detect specific substances in a sample, like antibodies or antigens, usually takes quicker but is less accurate

Mass Spectrometry

a method used to identify what a substance is by measuring its mass.

Sterilization

the process of killing or removing all microorganisms.

Disinfection

the process of killing most harmful microorganisms.

Antisepsis

the process of killing or reducing microorganisms on living tissue (skin).

Siver Nitrate

a chemical used to kill bacteria and prevent infections.

Broad Spectrum

a drug that works against many different types of bacteria

Autoclaving

using steam under pressure to kill microorganisms.

Filtration

a method that removes microorganisms by passing a liquid or air through a filter

Radiation

using energy to kill or damage microorganisms.

Pasteurization

heating food or drinks to kill harmful microorganisms

Freeze-Drying

removing water from microorganisms by freezing and drying them so they can be stored longer

Triclosan

a chemical that kills or stops the growth of bacteria

Bacterial Porins

tiny holes in the outer membrane that let small substances enter the bacteria.

Narrow Spectrum

a drug that works against only a few types of bacteria

Antispetic

a substance used to kill or reduce microorganisms on skin

Disinfectant

a chemical used to kill or reduce microorganisms on objects and surfaces

Ethanol

an alcohol used to kill microorganisms and disinfect surfaces.

Isopropanol

an alcohol used to kill microorganisms and disinfect surfaces.

Iodine

a chemical used to kill or reduce microorganisms on skin

Chlorine

a chemical used to kill microorganisms in water.

Osmotic Pressure Changes

changes in water movement that can cause bacteria to shrink or burst

The AcrAB complex only works on ____ NOT ____

Chemicals, drugs

What does hand sanitizer not work on?

Naked non enveloped viruses (hand sanitizer only works on lipid bilayers)

What does klebsiella have to help protect itself from chemicals?

The AcrAB complex (klebsiella is gram negative)

What happens when a viruses enveloped is destroyed?

It is rendered non infectious because the viral spikes are found within it

Hepatitis A is a

Non enveloped naked virus

Klebsiella is _____ - _________ so that means hand SANITIZER DOES work

Gram negative, it has a lipid bilayer

How do detergents or soap work?

It coats the microbes with amphipathic ends that creates micelles around them

How does the AcrAB complex work

It works to transport chemicals out of bacteria

The AcrAB complex is found in

Gram negative bacteria because it requires two membranes

antibiotic

substance that kills/stops growth of bacteria. They treat bacterial infections, but do not work against viruses

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

an antibiotic that works against a limited group of bacteria

Broad Spectrum

an antibiotic that works against a wide variety of bacteria

bactericidal

an antibiotic/substance that kills bacteria

bacteriostatic

an antibiotic or substance that stops bacteria from growing and reproducing without directly killing them

30S ribosome

small subunit of a bacterial ribosome that helps read mRNA during protein synthesis. Many antibiotics target this subunit to stop bacteria from making proteins

50S ribosome

the large subunit of a bacterial ribosome that helps build proteins by joining amino acids together. Some antibiotics target this subunit to stop bacterial protein synthesis

B-Lactum Ring

4 atom chemical ring found in certain antibiotics such as penicilin that prevents bacteria from building their cells walls

tetracycline

broad spectrum, static, broad, it prevents the tRNA from attaching to the mRNA

streptomycin

binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, it bends (physically alters) the mRNA so it can’t be read, cidal

erythromycin

binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, and inhibits ribosome movement

Polymyxin B

a bactericidal antibiotic that damages bacterial cell membranes, causing the cell to leak and die. It is mainly effective against gram- bacteria

Rifampin

nucleic acid synthesis, cidal, narrow to gram +

Ciprofloxacin

targets nucleic acid synthesis, cidal, broad spectrum

Chloramphenicol

broad spectrum, binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents the formation of the polypeptide chain

Penicillin

a B-Lactam antibiotic that kills bacteria by blocking the formation of their cell walls

Disk Diffusion Testing

a method used to determine whether bacteria are susceptible or resistant to antibiotics by measuring the clear zones of inhibited bacterial growth around antibiotic disks on an agar plate

does the AcrAB complex work on drugs?

No only chemicals

why are enveloped viruses rendered non infectious without their envelope

thats where their spikes are found

what two antibiotics are narrow to gram positive

penicillin and rifampin

what does Ch do to the ribosome?

it prevents the formation of the polypeptide chain

What does E do to the ribosome?

it inhibits the ribosome movement

what does T do to the ribosome?

it prevents the tRNA from attaching to the mRNA

what does the S do to the ribosome

it bends (physically alters) the mRNA so it cant be read, it can’t deattach and you can’t make any more proteins so it is killed

Penicillin targets ________ by using its B lactam ring which mimics D-Alamine, thus preventing ______ from forming the inter-bridges in the cell wall

transpeptidase

Penicillin Resistant Bacteria produce ___ - _________ which breaks open the B Lactam ring, rendering it (penicillin useless)

B-Lactamase

What is the B Lactum Ring?

4 atom chemical ring found in certain antibiotics such as penicillin, that prevents bacteria from building their cell walls

What is an attenuated whole agent vaccine?

the whole microbe, it is weakened but still living

what is an inactivated whole agent vaccine?

the whole microbe, just killed

what is a subunit vaccine?

a piece of the microbe is injected ( ex: spikes, fimbriae)

what is a toxoid vaccine?

it is an inactivated toxin

what is a conjugated vaccine?

it is a less reactive piece (ex: capsule) with a highly reactive piece (ex:toxin). Usually a toxin with some sort of capsulated bacteria (the thing that actually causes the disease)

What is a nucleic acid vaccine?

it encourages your own cells to make foreign microbial proteins hat stimulate an immune response

what is phage therapy?

therapy for bacterial infections the phage become lytic in bacteria to directly kill them

vaccine

a substance that trains your immune system to recognize and fight a specific disease causing germ

Remdesivir

a antiviral drug that uses RNA, effective against Covid

Bacterial Conjugation

the process in which one bacterium transfers DNA to another bacterium through direct contact, it can spread antibiotic resistance

what do probiotics do?

it introduces live (good) bacteria into the body to outcompete any pathogenic (bad) ones that may be present

how does phage therapy work?

it is a therapy for bacterial infections where the phage becomes lytic in bacteria and it directly kills them

ultraviolet blood irradiation therapy

radiation damages microbes more then human cells and creates O2 radicals to disrupt microbes

why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

they are non living, so they don’t have ribosomes, don’t make proteins, don’t make membranes

What do antiviral drugs do?

target various steps of viral replication within host cells

Acyclovir is a ____ drug that works through ____

antiviral, DNA

Oseltamivir is another name for ___ and it is used for the ___

tamiflu, flu

what would be the strongest and longest lasting immunity within the body

the attenuated whole agent vaccine

how does the toxoid vaccine work?

it puts a chemically treated toxin directly into the body