STRUCTURAL REFRESHER

Newton (N) is the SI unit of Force and was names after Isaac Newton in recognition of his contributions to the field of Mechanics. It is denoted by N and is expressed in
a. Kg m/s2
b. Kg m2/s2
c. Kg m/s
d. Kg m2/s

a. Kg m/s2

What usually happens to steel when stressed?
a. Bend
b. Twist
c. Break
d. Rupture

a. Bend

Pascal (Pa), the Sl unit Of stress, is expressed in
a. N/m
b. N/m2
c. kg/m
d. kgm/s2

b. N/m2

The unit of stress in the Imperial System.
a. Pascal
b. N/m2
c. psi
d. grains

c. psi

The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. It is the ratio of the
change in size and shape to the original size and shape Of the body.
a. Deflection
b. Stress
c. Strain

b. Stress

It is the Force per unit Area (F/A)on a body that tends to cause it to change shape
a. Stress
b. Strain

a. Stress

It is the Stress caused by an applied load that acts to reduce the length of a material along the axis of the applied load.
a. Shear Stress
b. Tensile Stress
c. Compressive Stress
d. Normal Stress

c. Compressive Stress

It is the Stress caused by an applied load that tends to elongate the material along
the axis of the applied load.
a. Shear Stress
b. Tensile Stress
c. Compressive Stress
d. Normal Stress

b. Tensile Stress

It is the Stress caused by a pair opposing forces that acts along parallel lines
through the material.
a. Shear Stress
b. Tensile Stress
c. Compressive Stress
d. Normal Stress

a. Shear Stress

It is the change in shape of a material created when stress is applied.
a. Deflection
b. Strain
c. Deformation

b. Strain

An instrument used to measure deformation
a. Strain Gauge
b. Extensometer

a. Strain Gauge (More Technical)

A term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element is displaced when
subjected to an applied load.
a. Strain
b. Deformation
c. Deflection

c. Deflection

It is the amount of stress that a material can undergo before moving from elastic
deformation into plastic deformations
a. Yield Strength
b. Ultimate Tensile Strength

a. Yield Strength

Capacity of material to absorb compressive stress
a. Tensile Strength
b. Impact Strength
c. Fatigue Strength
d. Compressive Strength

d. Compressive Strength

Capacity to absorb/counter tensile or elevation stress
a. Tensile Strength
b. Impact Strength
c. Fatigue Strength
d. Compressive Strength

a. Tensile Strength

It is the first stress in material at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase stress
a. Ultimate Strength
b. Yield Point
c. Yield Strength
d. Point of Breaking

b. Yield Point

What do you call the point wherein a material is about to Rupture?
a. Point of NO Return
b. Ultimate Strength
c. Point of Breaking

c. Point of Breaking

The point in the stress-strain curve beyond which the material permanently deforms
after removing the load
a. Proportional Limit
b. Elastic Limit
c. Atterberg Limit
d. Plastic Limit

b. Elastic Limit

It is the ability of a material to return to its previous shape after stress is released.
a. Elongatability
b. Ductility
c. Young's Modulus
d. Elasticity

d. Elasticity

A material that possesses a very high Young's Modulus is
a. Elastic
b. Rigid
c. Flexible
d. Hard

b. Rigid

What is Modulus of Elasticity?
a. F/A
b. -k dL
c. (F/A)/(dL/L)
d. 3PL/2wt2

c. (F/A)/(dL/L)

What do you call ratio Stress I Strain?
a. Poisson's Ratio
b. Modulus of Elasticity
c. Flexible
d. Hard

b. Modulus of Elasticity

Young's Modulus is the ratio of Stress along an axis to the Strain along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke's law holds. It is also known
a. Modulus of Elasticity
b. Bulk Modulus
c. Modulus of Rigidity
d. Poisson's Ratio

a. Modulus of Elasticity

Also called the Shear Modulus, it is the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain and is denoted by G.

a. Modulus Of Rigidity
b. Poisson's Ratio
c. Bulk Modulus
d. Young's Modulus

a. Modulus Of Rigidity

The ratio of Lateral Strain / Longitudinal Strain

a. Poisson's Ratio
b. Modulus of Elasticity
c. Hooke's Law
d. Safety Factor, fs

a. Poisson's Ratio

The greatest Stress at which a material is capable of sustaining the applied load without deviating from the proportionality of stress to strain. It is expressed in psi or
kg/mm2
a. Proportional Limit
b. Elastic Limit
c. Atterberg Limit
d. Plastic Limit

a. Proportional Limit

What is the most important determinant of concrete strength?
a. Water
b. Cement
c. Sand
d. Gravel

a. Water

What deformation does a beam contain?
a. Deformation
b. Deflection
c. Elongation
d. Compression

b. Deflection

Why should rebars have concrete cover?
a. Prevent Rust
b. Aesthetic Considerations
c. Strength
d. Adhesion

a. Prevent Rust

Minimum concrete cover for slab On fill?
a. 50 mm
b. 40 mm
c. 75 mm
d. 20 mm

c. 75 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place 2nd floor slabs considering 42mm
dia bars?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

a. 40 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover Of cast-in-place 3rd floor slabs considering 36mm
dia bars?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

b. 20 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place beams not exposed to weather?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

a. 40 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place beams exposed to weather
considering 20mm dia bars?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

c. 50 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place columns-exposed to weather
considering 36mm dia bars?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

c. 50 mm

The minimum concrete cover for column footing is
a. 30mm
b. 75mm
c. 50mm
d. 40mm

b. 75mm

What is the minimum concrete cover of cast-in-place columns not exposed to
weather?
a. 40 mm
b. 20 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 75 mm

a. 40 mm

.Why is it that rebars should have concrete cover?
a. To prevent rust
b. For aesthetic consideration
c. Strength
d. Adhesion

a. To prevent rust

What's the most probable reason why a slab-on-fill cracks?
a. Lack of reinforcing bars
b. Improper soil compaction
c. Failure of concrete mix

b. Improper soil compaction

43. A method of mechanically increasing the density of soil. It is a very
significant part of the building process and if improperly done could cause
soil settlement which could result to unnecessary maintenance costs or structure failure. There are several methods of achieving this which include: Static, Impact, Vibrating, Gyrating, Rolling and Kneading.
a. Soil Compaction
b. Soil Liquefaction
c. Soil Stabilization
d. Pile Driving

a. Soil Compaction

The Main Bars for Cantilevered Slabs are located at
a. Top
b. Middle
c. Bottom
d. Anywhere

a. Top

For One Way Slab, the Ratio of the Longer span (L) to the shorter span (B) is
a. L/B < 2
b. L/B < 4
c. L/B > = 2
d. L/B > 4

c. L/B > = 2

For Two Way Slab, the Ratio of the Longer span (L) to the shorter span (B) is
a. L/B < 2
b. L/B < 4
c. L/B > = 2
d. L/B > 4

a. L/B < 2

What is the Best Location of Support for a One Way Slab?
a. Top Of Slab
b. End of Slab
c. Middle Third

a. Top Of Slab

A Slab whose main reinforcement is provided in only one direction
a. One Direction Slab
b. One Way Slab
c. Two Way Slab
d. Uni-direction Slab

b. One Way Slab

A Slab whose main reinforcement is provided in both direction
a. Both Direction Slab
b. Both Way Slab
c. Two Way Slab
d. Dual-direction slab

c. Two Way Slab

A Slab supported by beams at only 2 sides
a. Two-Beam Slab
b. One Way Slab
c. Hickory Slab
d. Two Way Slab

b. One Way Slab

In 1905, the American engineer C.A.P. Turner employed concrete floor slabs without
beams that used diagonal and orthogonal pattems of reinforcing bars. Today, it is now
evolving by introducing plastic voids or bubbles in slabs. This new technology
drastically decreases the weight of the slab and allows for 55 feet slab span between
columns without beams. Slab weight is decreased by as much as 35% which also
reduces the columns and foundation. Notable architects who have used this system
include Zaha Hadid. Daniel Libeskind, Richard Meier, Renzo Piano and Herzog de
a. One Way Slab
b. Two Way Slab
c. Slab on fill
d. Flat Slab/Flat Plate

d. Flat Slab/Flat Plate

Identify the figure
a. 1-way slab
b. 2-way slab
c. Waffle Slab
d. Flat Slab

c. Waffle Slab

From the Figure above,
a. 1 -way slab
b. 2-way slab
c. Waffle slab
d. Flat Slab

b. 2-way slab

From the Figure above,
a. 1-way slab
b. 2-way slab
c. Waffle slab
d. Flat Slab

a. 1-way slab

From the Figure above,
a. 1-way slab
b. 2-way slab
c. Waffle slab
d. Flat Slab

d. Flat Slab

The figure above is a
a. Rebar Slab
b. Post-Tensioned Slab
c. Coffered Slab
d. Waffle Slab

b. Post-Tensioned Slab

. It is a flaky layer of hardened but weak hydrated cement and fine aggregates which
began as a milky layer on the upper surface of the concrete mass during the curing process which was caused by an excess amount of water used in the mixture or by too much vibration.
a. Grout
b. Plaster
c. Laitance
d. Mortar

c. Laitance

Another term for Tangential Stress?
a. Tensile Stress
b. Tangential Stress
c. Circumferential Stress
d. Bending Moment

c. Circumferential Stress

What Wall is used to protect different levels?
a. Retaining Wall
b. Cantilever Wall
c. Shear Wall
d. Great Wall

b. Cantilever Wall

A Structural Member whose function is to Transfer the Loads from a Building Safely
into the Ground.
a. Column
b. Footing
c. Beam

b. Footing

It is the Depth below ground Water level multiplied by the Weight of Water.
a. Soil Bearing Pressure
b. Hydrostatic Pressure
c. Hydraulic Pressure
d. Settlement Capacity

b. Hydrostatic Pressure

What do you call the Upward Force acting on Spread Footing?
a. Soil Bearing Pressure
b. Static Pressure
c. Hydrostatic Pressure

a. Soil Bearing Pressure

What causes the Upward Force that acts on Footings?
a. Horizontal Force
b. Soil
c. Earth's Core

b. Soil

What needs to be done to the Footing Dimension to reduce Soil Bearing Pressure?
a. Adjust the excavation area of the footing
b. Increase the dimension or area of footing

b. Increase the dimension or area of footing

It is the Ultimate Bearing Capacity divided by a However, in certain situations, usually on soft soil sites, large settlements may occur under loaded foundations without actual shear failure occurring. In such cases "this" is based on the allowable settlement.
a. Bearing Capacity
b. Foundation Capacity
c. Settlement Capacity
d. Allowable Bearing Capacity

d. Allowable Bearing Capacity

The Top part of the Footing is in?
a. Tension
b. Compression

b. Compression

The Bottom part of the Footing is in?
a. Tension
b. Compression

a. Tension

What do you call the Act or Process of Enlarging an Existing Foundation?
a. Underpinning
b. Specialty Insert
c. Floating Foundation

a. Underpinning

If a Project is located on a Steep Ground, what type of Foundation would you
recommend?
a. Cantilever
b. Isolated
c. Mat
d. Floating

a. Cantilever

If a Project is to be constructed on a Converted Farm Land, what Foundation is recommended?
a. Isolated
b. Mat
c. Floating
d. Grid

b. Mat

If a Project is to be erected on Stable Ground, what Foundation is recommended?
a. Cantilever
b. Mat
c. Isolated

c. Isolated

Where will you see the details for the Foundation Anchor Bolts?
a. Foundation Plan
b. Base Plate Plan
c. Framing Plan

b. Base Plate Plan

Which is not part of the Structural Plans?
a. Foundation Plan
b. Roof Framing Plan
c. Schedule of Beams and Columns
d. Schedule of Doors and Windows

d. Schedule of Doors and Windows

Why do we use Tie Beams?

- Tie the Columns

What happens to the Footing when it is starting to deform?
a. Bend upward
b. Cracks at the bottom

a. Bend upward

For a Residential Project at Rizal with relatively Sloping Ground, what is the most appropriate Structural Support?
a. Cantilever Footing on Foundation Wall
b. Firewall
c. Isolated Footing on Foundation Wall
d. Zocalo Wall

c. Isolated Footing on Foundation Wall

What is the Main Factor that Determines the Strength of Concrete?
a. Sand-Cement ratio
b. Water-cement ratio
c. Water-sand ratio

b. Water-cement ratio

A36 steel is the most common type Of Steel Alloy. What does the number 36 mean?
a. Ultimate Limit
b. Allowable Bending Stress
c. Yield Strength
d. Modulus of Elasticity

c. Yield Strength

What is ASTM?
a. Academic Society for Testing and Materials
b. American Standard Test Method
c. American Society for Testing and Materials
d. Academic Standard Test Method

c. American Society for Testing and Materials

The ASTM Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel is?
a. ASTM AB
b. ASTM A36
c. ASTM A148
d. ASTM A325

b. ASTM A36

The ASTM Standard Specification for General. Requirements for Rolled Structural
Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes and Sheet Piling
a. ASTM A6
b. ASTM A36
c. ASTM A148
d. ASTM A325

a. ASTM A6

The ASTM Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
a. ASTM A6
b. ASTM A36
c. ASTM A148
d. ASTM A325

d. ASTM A325

Identify the figure of a structural steel at right,
a. I- Beam
b. T- Beam
c. Inverted Double L- Beam
d. VH Flange (Vertical-Horizontal Flange)

b. T- Beam

It is a beam, usually made of structural steel, with two horizontal flanges connected by a vertical web at the middle of the flanges.
a. Z-shape
b. I-beam
c. Double C- beam
d. HSS

b. I-beam

In connecting Steel Beams to Columns, which is more Structurally Stable?
a. Rivet
b. Weld
c. Screw

c. Screw

Spacing of Metal Studs
a.0.60m
b.0.40m
c.0.80m

a.0.60m

Which part carries most of the Weight of a Structure?
a.Flange of I-Beam
b.Web of I Beam

b. Web of I Beam

In an I-beam, the flanges resist most of the
a. Shear forces
b. Bending moment
c. Torsion
d. Bending, Shear and Torsion

b. Bending moment

Disadvantage of an I-beam
a. Inefficient in carrying Shear Loads
b. Inefficient against Bending
c. Inefficient against Torsion
d. Very Expensive

c. Inefficient against Torsion

What do you call the Vertical and Diagonal Members of a Truss?
a. Top Chord
b. Bottom Chord
c. Web Members
d. Rafters

c. Web Members

A Large Beam that Supports Secondary Beams. Also known as Primary Beam.
a. Slab
b. Beam
c. Girder
d. Diaphragm

c. Girder

A horizontal structural member that carries or supports other, usually smaller,
horizontal structural members.
a. Slab
b. Beam
c. Girder
d. Diaphragm

c. Girder

In Reinforced Concrete Beams, which portion is under Tension?
a. Top
b. Middle
c. Bottom

b. Middle

A simplified way to get the economical width of the beam
a. Equal to Column Width
b. one-half Column Width
c. More than Column Width
d. Less than Column Width

d. Less than Column Width

At what part of a reinforced concrete beam would you allow a pipe/service hole to
pass through for utility purposes?
a. At Midspan of beam
b. At L/4 of beam span
c. At L/3 of beam span
d. At support

b. At L/4 of beam span

In Reinforced Concrete Beams. Which portion is under Compression?
a. Top
b. Middle
c. Bottom

a. Top

116. Given a Simply Supported Beam 6m in length in a room with a clear headroom of
2.40m, what is the clear floor to ceiling height?
a. 2.775m
b. 0.375m
c. 2.025m
d. 2.815m

a. 2.775m

Note: For Simply Supported Beams, use d=L/16

It consists of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items,and fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes.
a. Wind Load
b. Live Load
c. Dead Load
d. Lateral Load

c. Dead Load

Of the following type of loads, which is the most difficult to determine.
a. Dead
b. Impact
c. Static
d. Wind

d. Wind
HARDEST TO DETERMINE - SEISMIC

Furniture is an example of
a. Wind Load
b. Live Load
c. Dead Load
d. Ponding Load

b. Live Load

This type of load can be computed accurately
a. Live Load
b. Wind Load
c. Snow Load
d. Dead Load

d. Dead Load

Of the following, which represents the most accurate or least assumption in computation.
a. Wind Load
b. Live Load
c. Dead Load
d. Lateral Load

c. Dead Load

What is shown in the figure?
a. Point Load
b. Uniformly Distributed Load
c. Coupled Load
d. Uniformly Varying Load

b. Uniformly Distributed Load