OTPT102 Week 1: Introduction to the Body

Anatomy

The study of bodily structures.

Physiology

The study of the functions of living organisms.

Structure and Function

Structure dictates function.

Levels of Organization

Chemical -> cellular -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism.

Level after Cellular

Tissue level.

Organ System

Multiple organs working together.

Anatomical Position

A standard reference position for describing body locations.

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

Inferior

Toward the lower part of the body.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

Closer to the body's surface.

Deep

Farther from the body's surface.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body.

Central vs. Peripheral

Central is toward the center; peripheral is toward the outer region.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Flexion and Extension Plane

Primarily associated with the sagittal plane.

Frontal Plane Association

Associated with abduction and adduction.

Rotation Plane

Occurs primarily in the transverse plane.

Rotation Axis

Associated with the vertical axis.

Supine

Lying face up.

Prone

Lying face down.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Includes the cranial and vertebral/spinal cavities.

Thoracic Cavity Contents

Lungs, heart, trachea, and esophagus.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Systems

Digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems.

Organ Systems Purpose

To help the body maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

Nature of Homeostasis

A dynamic state of equilibrium.

Types of Feedback

Positive and negative feedback.

Feedback Loop Components

Receptor, control center, and effector.

Receptor Role

To detect a change.

Control Center Role

Processes information and directs an output.

Effector Role

Producing a response.

Afferent Pathway

Information traveling toward the control center.

Efferent Pathway

Information traveling from the control center to the effector.

Negative Feedback Examples

Regulation of body temperature and blood pressure.

Positive Feedback Example

Childbirth at full term.

Epidermis

The protective outer layer of skin.

Epidermis Function

Barrier protection and UV protection.

Dermis

A thicker connective-tissue layer beneath the epidermis.

Papillary Region

The upper loose tissue of the dermis that joins with the epidermis.

Reticular Region

Contains deeper collagen and elastic fibres.

Dermis Contents

Vessels, nerves, follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Hypodermis Composition

Loose connective tissue and adipose lobules.

Hypodermis Major Function

Insulation, energy storage, shock absorption, and protection.

Skin Functions

Protection, temperature control, sensation, and fluid/electrolyte balance.

Skin Vitamin Synthesis

Contributes to the synthesis of Vitamin D.

Ageing Skin Changes

Reduced collagen and elastin, causing wrinkles and less elasticity.

Pressure Sore Contributing Factors

Poor circulation, poor nutrition, and reduced activity or lack of sensation.

Stage 1 Pressure Injury

Intact skin with redness that does not blanch.

Wound Healing Phases

Hemostasis -> inflammatory -> proliferation/repair -> maturation/remodelling.

Proliferation/Repair Phase Processes

Granulation, contracture, and epithelialization.