History 144 L17: Post-Apartheid South Africa
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What was the ANC's 1994 election slogan?
A better life for all
What programme aimed to achieve this?
RDP
What infrastructure did the RDP aim to improve?
Housing, transport and communications
What social problem did RDP address?
Apartheid inequality
What employment goal did RDP have?
Job creation
What health goal did RDP have?
Quality healthcare for all
What education goal did RDP have?
Quality education for all.
What welfare goal did RDP have?
Expand social grants
What economic condition did ANC inherit?
High debt
Why was South Africa heavily indebted?
Apartheid spending
Which apartheid structures were expensive?
Homelands and Tricameral Parliament
Which government departments consumed large funds?
Defence and police
What discouraged foreign investment in the 1980s?
Sanctions and instability
What was structural adjustment?
Economic reforms linked to loans
Who promoted structural adjustment?
Banks and international lenders
What did structural adjustment require?
Reduced state spending
Which economic idea influenced these policies?
Neoliberalism
What does neoliberalism favour?
Low taxes and limited state spending
Why was this a problem for RDP?
RDP required high spending
When was RDP abandoned?
1996
What replaced RDP?
Investment-focused policies
What was RDP's most lasting legacy?
Social welfare grants
How did apartheid welfare payments differ?
By race
What happened after 1994?
Payments were equalised
Who especially relied on grants?
Rural families
What does BEE stand for?
Black Economic Empowerment
Main aim of BEE?
Increase black ownership
Why did companies support BEE?
Improve representation and image
What economic system did ANC increasingly support?
Captialism
What happened to corporate ownership?
More black shareholders
How does government enforce BEE?
Contract requirements
What criticism is made of BEE?
Benefits politically connected people
What class has BEE helped expand?
Black middle class
Has inequality been eliminated?
No
What remains very high?
Gap between rich and poor
When did the government become concerned about HIV?
Early 1990s
Was there an effective treatment then?
No
What group was most affected by HIV/AIDS?
Young adults
What did the ANC promise in 1994?
Prevention and care programmes
What was Virodene?
Rejected HIV treatment
Why was it controversial? (Virodene)
Considered ineffective and toxic
Which minister supported hearing claims about it?(Virodene)
Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
What are ARVs?
HIV treatment drugs
By when had ARVs been developed?
1998
What could ARVs prevent?
AIDS symptoms and transmission
Which group especially needed ARVs?
Pregnant women
Why did government refuse initially? (ARVs)
Focused on prevention, not treatment
What does TAC stand for?
Treatment Action Campaign
When was TAC formed?
1998
Why was TAC formed?
Demand access to ARVs
What method did TAC use?
Protest and civil disobedience
Who became president in 1999?
Thabo Mbeki
Who was Mbeki's health minister?
Manto Tshabalala-Msimang
What controversial view did Mbeki promote?
HIV does not cause AIDS
What did Mbeki emphasise instead?
Poverty and nutrition
Why did the government oppose ARVs?
Claimed they were too expensive
What drug became central to the debate?
Nevirapine
What court ruling occurred in 2001?
Generic production allowed
Which provinces distributed Nevirapine early?
Western Cape, KZN and Gauteng
When did the national government change policy?
2003
How many South Africans had HIV by 2005?
5 million
What did Tshabalala-Msimang promote?
Nutritional remedies: garlic, lemons and African potato
What are social movements?
Groups fighting social injustice
Why did they emerge after 1994?
New social and economic problems
What do social movements often criticise?
Government favouring business interests
Why was this committee formed?
Oppose electricity cut-offs
Why were electricity cut-offs occurring?
Non-payment of bills
What unusual tactic did activists use?
Illegal reconnections
Where was Abahlali founded?
Durban
When was it founded? (Abahlali)
2005
Who does Abahlali represent?
Shack dwellers
Why was it formed? (Abahlali)
Protest land sale and evictions
What methods does it use?
Land occupations and court cases
Who defeated Mbeki for ANC leadership?
Jacob Zuma
When did this happen?
2007
What happened to Mbeki in 2008?
Removed as president
Who replaced him temporarily?
Kgalema Motlanthe
Who became president in 2009?
Jacob Zuma
Which province strengthened Zuma's support?
KwaZulu-Natal
Which party's support did Zuma reduce?
IFP
How did Zuma present himself politically?
Champion of the poor
Who led the ANC Youth League?
Julius Malema
Where did the strike occur?
Marikana
Which company owned the mine?
Lonmin
When did the strike begin?
August 2012
Who went on strike?
Rock drill operators
What did the miners demand?
Higher wages
Was the strike union-approved?
No
What type of strike was it?
Wildcat strike
Which union failed to support miners?
NUM
What does NUM stand for?
National Union of Mineworkers
Which alliance was NUM part of?
COSATU and ANC alliance
Where did miners gather?
A koppie
How many people died before 16 August?
At least 10
When did the massacre occur?
16 August 2012
How many miners were killed?
34
Who killed them?
Police
Why was Marikana historically significant?
Largest police killing post-1994
Why did Marikana shock many South Africans?
Democratic government killed workers
Which ANC leader sat on Lonmin's board?
Cyril Ramaphosa