Bacterial structure and physiology Bio-201
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What to Atrichous mean
No flagella bacteria
What does Monotrichous bacteria mean
Only one flagella
What does Amphitrichous flagella mean
one single flagella at both poles of the cell body
What does Lophotrichous flagella mean
2 or more flagella at one end
What does Peritrichous flagella mean
Flagella distributed all over cell body
What is the protein flagella is composed of
Flagellin
What does the basal body in flagella do
Anchors the flagellum to the cell and acts as a rotary moter
How do we ID and distinguish flagellin subspecies
Using the Antigen protein H
What is E.coli 0157:H7
foodborne epidemics
What are Axial Filaments
A motility structure only found in spirochetes
What motility structure do spirochetes exclusively use
Axial Filaments
How are axial filaments found on the cell
Anchored at one end and wrap around the cell
How do Axial Filaments help Spirochetes move
Using a cork-screw motion
What do Pili do in bacteria
Help adhere to surfaces and with colonization
What form of Genetic recombination do Pili help with
Conjugation, specifically DNA transferring
What bacteria have no cell wall
Mycoplasma sp
What makes Mycoplasma sp differ from normal bacteria
It has no cell wall
What keeps flagella anchored
the Cell wall
What protects the cell membrane
The cell wall
What provides shape for bacteria
The cell wall
What prevents the rupture of cell in hypotonic solutions
The cell wall
What is the cell wall of bacteria composed of
Peptidoglycan (PG)
What is PG (peptidoglycan) composed of
NAG (N acetyl glucosamine) and NAM (N acetyl muramic acid), a tetrapeptide side chain, and a peptide cross bridge
What is the Tetrapeptide side chain attached to
NAM (N acetyl muramic acid) in the backbone
What links the tetrapeptide side chains
Peptide cross bridge
What is the Cell membrane in bacteria composed of
Phospholipid bilayer
How does the cell membrane in eukaryotes differ from the cell membrane in prokaryotes
The cell membrane in prokaryotes is less rigid then in eukaryotes
What is the function of the cell membrane in bacteria
ATP synthesis, Selective permeability, and photosynthesis in certain bacteria
What helps with ATP synthesis in bacteria
The cell membrane
What helps with selective permeability in bacteria
The cell membrane
What helps with Photosynthesis in (certain) bacteria
The cell membrane
What is the cytoplasm
The substance of the cell inside the CM
What is the cytoplasm made of
80% H20, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic ions
What is the cytoplasm mainly made of
Water (H20)
What is the Cytoskeleton
A series of fibers
Do bacteria have a nuclear membrane
no they do not
How is the DNA of bacteria shaped
circular double stranded DNA
What is the Nucleoid (nuclear area) attached too
Cell membrane
What do Ribosomes help with
Protein synthesis
What do Ribosomes contain
proteins and rRNA
What do some antibiotics do to ribosomes
Inhibit the bacterial ribosome from synthesizing proteins
What do Bacterial Inclusions do
Serve as a metabolic reserve deposit
What do Metachromatic granules contain
Phosphate for ATP
What can Inclusions hold
glycogen, lipids, sulfur, enzymes, gas for buoyancy,
iron oxide (acts as magnets)
What do Endospores do
Protect cell from environmental conditions (heat, cold, drought, chemicals, radiation)
What bacteria have Endospores
Clostridium sp. & Bacilus sp
What is the process of forming endospores within vegetative cell called
Sporulation
How long does the process of Sporulation take
several hours
What is Germination
When the cell goes back to a vegetative state from an endospore
What is the endospore coat made of
PG, Ca++, Dipicolinic acid
Where are endospores located
Either Central, Terminal, or Subterminal
What are Bacteria Capsules made of
Glycocalyx (sugar coat)
Where is the capsule found
External to the cell wall
What do Capsules allow bacteria to do
Resist host defenses. Phagocytosis, and Lysozome
What stain is used to see capsuels
India Ink
What are Cocci/Coccus bacteria
Round bacteria cells, are Atrichous
What shape of bacteria are mainly Atrichous
Cocci (coccus)
What are rod shapped bacteria called
Bacilli (Bacillus)
What are Spiral shapped bacteria with a curve called
Vibrio
What are Rigid Spiral shaped bacteria called
Spirillum
What are spiral flexible shaped bacteria called
Spirochetes
What are Psychrophiles
Cold loving bacteria
What is the optimum temperature for Psychrophiles
20-25°C
Where are Psychrophiles usually found
Polar areas, Ocean depths, and food spoilage
What are Mesophiles
Moderate temperature loving bacteria
What is the Optimum temperature for Mesophiles
25°C - 37°C
What is the most common type of bacteria based off temperature
Mesophiles
What are Thermophiles
Heat loving bacteria
What is the Optimum temperature for Thermophiles
45°C - 60°C
Where are Thermophiles commonly found
Sunlit areas, Hot springs
What pH do bacteria need to be at to grow
6.5 - 7.5
What pH do molds need to be at to grow
5 - 6
What is Isotonic
No movement of water in/out of cell
What is hypotonic
Water enters cell and cell bursts (more water outside cell then in)
What type of bacteria does hypotonic situations occur often in
Gram negative bacteria
What is Hypertonic
More water inside cell then outside of cell
What happens to the cell when placed in a Hypertonic solution
cell shrinks , Cell wall & Cell Membrane pull apart, Water leaves cell
What does Bacteriostatic mean
Cell growth is inhibited
What does Plasmolysis
Shrinkage of the cell’s cytoplasm
What are Osmophiles
Bacteria that like Hypertonic conditions
What are Halophiles
Salt loving bacteria
Where are Halophiles found
in salt mines
Where are Osmophiles found
In oceans
What are Saccharophiles
Sugar loving bacteria
Where are Saccharophiles found
Compost piles, grain silos
What are Autotrophs
organism that creates its own food with carbon
What are Photoautotrophs
Organism that uses light to synthesize food
What are Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that synthesize their own food like glucose using the energy from inorganic compounds
What are Heterotrophs
Organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms for energy
What are Photoheterotrophs
organism that uses light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide relying instead on pre-made organic compounds from its environment
What are Saprophytes
Organism that feeds on dead/decaying organic molecules
What are parasites
Organisms that gain nutrients from living hosts
What is a Strict Aerobe
Requires O2 to live
How many ATP/glucose does a strict bacterial aerobe produce
38 ATP
How many ATP/glucose does a strict aerobe Eukaryote produce
36
How much ATP is produced during Glycolysis
2 ATP
How much ATP is produced during the Kerbs cycle
2 ATP
How much ATP is produced during Electron transport
34 ATP
Where in the tube would a strict aerobe grow
Very top of the tube (where the oxygen is the highest)