PALs 3 Cells

3

What does “organic” mean when talking about components of a cell?

“organic” - chemical compound that is built around carbon atoms bounded to hydrogen atoms

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

semipermeable phospholipid bilayer

What types of substances pass through the plasma membrane without help? Name some specific substances.

oxygen and carbon dioxide

What are the methods by which substances enter a cell, and how do the various methods differ from each other?

diffusion - tendency of particles to move from high to low concentration equilibrium is achieved.

passive transport - when molecules diffuse across cell membranes

facilitated diffusion - a type of PT that requires help from a transport protein

osmosis - diffusion of water across a membrane

Can you name all the organelles and their basic functions?

plasma membrane - controls what exists the cell

microvillus - increase cell surface for absorption

nucleus - controls cellular activity

nucleolus - produces ribosomes components

chromatin - contains hereditary information

nuclear pore - allows movement of substance between nucleus and cytoplasm

cytosol - part of cytoplasm that provides support to internal cell structures

rough endoplasmic reticulum - process amino acid chains made by attached ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - detoxification

ribosomes - site of protein synthesis

golgi apparatus - packages and ships proteins and lipids

vesicles - transport substance within the cell

lysosomes - digest damaged organelles and substance brought inside cell

mitochondrion - ATP

cytoskeleton - give shape to cell

centriole - involved with cell division

cilium - creates external currents to make substance past cell

flagellum - moves the cell

What are the different types of diffusion?

diffusion - particles move freely from high to low until equilibrium

facilitated diffusion - type of PT that requires transport protein

What is the difference between diffusion & osmosis?

diffusion - particles from high to low

osmosis - movement of water across a membrane

How do enzymes work?

enzymes are biological catalyst speed up vital chemical reactions

What is energy? What are the different types of energy? Can you give examples?

energy - capacity to cause change or to perform work

kinetic energy - energy of motion

potential energy - energy that matter possess as the results of location or structure

chemical energy - potential energy for release in a chemical reaction

What are the three steps in ATP formation, and where in the cell does each step occur?

glycolysis → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation

What happens to ATP formation without oxygen? Why?

fermentation - occurs under anaerobic conditions (O2 depleted from muscle cells)