joints/articulations

Joints or articulations occur in any place that two bones are

___

joined

SYNARTHROSIS

(immovable joints)

• suture, gomphosis

• synchondrosis - cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage

  • ex:epiphyseal plate

• synostosis - suture replaced by bone

  • ex: epiphyseal line

AMPHIARTHROSIS

(slightly movable joints)

syndesmosis - fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture.

• ex: distal tibiofibular

symphysis - cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is a disc of fibrocartilage.

DIARTHROSES

(freely movable joints)

Walking on 2 legs saves about __ % oxygen compared to walking on 4 legs

saves 75% oxygen

Cartilage and nutrients

Cartilage is avascular (no blood vessels)

• synovial fluid carries nutrients instead and nurtrients spread by diffusion and convection

Diarthrosis structure

• synovial cavity

• articular cartilage

• articular capsule

  • fibrous membrane

  • synovial membrane

    • secretes synovial fluid

Functions of synovial fluid

• lubricate

• shock absorber

• nutrient carrier

arthoscopy

• repair interior of joint with minimal incisions and anethesia

arthoplasty

• complete replacement of a joint

torn cartilage

• damage to the articular discs that lie

  between the ends of some bones

• happens to athletes

• needs arthoscopy to prevent arthritis

Rheumatism

• pain in bones, ligaments,

  tendons, joints, and muscles

Arthritis and types

• arthritis is inflammation of joints and stiffness

• types

  • rheumatoid arthritis

    • autoimmune disease where white blood cells attack synovial membrane

    • no cure

    • exercise, drugs, immune suppresents can slow disease

  • osteoarthritis

    • wear and tear of articular cartilage

  
  

  • gouty arthritis

    • sodium urate crystals are deposited in soft tissues of joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain and will cause bones to fuse

Lyme disease

• can causes arthritis

Ankylosing spondylitis

- is an inflammatory disease that affects joints between vertebrae and between the sacrum and hipbone

Herniated slipped disc

intervertable disc is made of nucleous puplous core surrounded by annulus fibrosus

• the annulus can get damaged and the nucleous pulpous and release which causes pain

ACL and reconstruction

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

• hurt a lot by atheletes

• can be reconstructed with athroscopy

  • patellar ligament autograft

    • person’s own ligament is partially used to rebuild an ACL

  • allograft

    • tendon donated from cadaver