TIA Mid-term Updated

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards based on the provided notes for the TIA Mid-term.

What is syncope?

Fainting or temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain.

What is lymphostasis?

Stasis or blockage of lymph flow.

QC (quality control)

making sure test and results are correct and reliable before trusting them for patient care.

PKU

A test for inborn error before they leave the hospital

what medications can cause a prolonged bleeding time

Aspirin and other NSAID’s

Anxiety can increase levels in what hormone?

cortisol

Therapeutic drug monitoring

pts. have medication going through called gentamicin and dentramicin. As phlebotomist we have to take there blood before and after. Trough is before and peak is after.

Do you do oxygenated blood first or deoxygenated blood ?

oxygenated

Anarobic?

deoxygenated

arobic

oxygenated

Another term for drug/alcohol levels?

ETOH

What type of cleaning sterilization cleaner do we use for culture test?

chlorohexidyne NOT alcohol

What blood test do we keep warm?

Cold aggulutinins

cyrofibrinogen

cryoglobulin

what needles do we use for blood donation

16-18 gauge

how much blood can we take from a blood donor ?

400-500 ml or 0.5 L

what test are light sensitive

bilirubin

what test need to keep cold

ammonea and ABG

what is a legal form

chain of custody

QA (quality assurance)

prevention of mistakes —> creates the rules, training, and processes so that the test

What to do when a patient has a seizure?

Protect the patient from injury, do not restrain, do not put anything in the mouth, time the seizure, and seek help afterward.

What is compartment syndrome?

Increased pressure within a muscle compartment that can cut off blood flow and damage nerves and muscles; requires prompt treatment.

What is the maximum time for tourniquet application?

No more than 60 seconds (about 1 minute).

Where can you draw blood if a patient has an IV site?

From the opposite arm or a vein away from the IV site.

What is the average adult blood volume for a person weighing about 150 pounds?

Approximately 5 liters.

What does distal mean?

Away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment; farther from the trunk.

What effect does hemolysis have on bilirubin tests?

Can cause falsely elevated bilirubin levels, especially unconjugated bilirubin.

A patient has an IV drip in one arm; what is the preferred site for venipuncture?

Use the opposite arm or a vein away from the IV site.

Normal pH of blood?

About 7.35 to 7.45.

Tourniquet placement?

Place 3–4 inches above the venipuncture site; avoid excessive tightening.

What is the recommended needle gauge for an arterial puncture?

Typically 22 gauge.

During an oral GTT, what is the patient allowed to drink?

Water only.

What is the approximate volume of a unit of donor blood?

About 450 mL.

When preparing a blood smear, what angle should the spreader slide be at?

About 30 degrees.

How soon should urine be delivered to the lab?

Ideally within 1 hour; if delayed, refrigerate.

What will CSF diagnose?

Meningitis and other CNS conditions; CSF analysis helps detect infections, hemorrhage, and inflammation.

How many times should you invert blood specimens containing an anticoagulant?

8–10 times.

What is hemolysis?

Destruction of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin.

BNP blood tests are for what?

Evaluating heart failure and cardiac function.

Which group of streptococcus bacteria is detected by the rapid strep test?

Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).

What is protected health information (PHI)?

Individually identifiable health information that is protected by privacy regulations.

During child phlebotomy, what would be considered inappropriate?

Performing venipuncture without proper consent/assent or without guardian/catient cooperation and safety.

What organ processes bilirubin to keep levels from becoming too high in the blood?

Liver.

Jaundice?

Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin.

Edema?

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body's tissues.

Preferred site for venipuncture on a child younger than 2?

Veins in the dorsum of the hand or other accessible superficial veins; antecubital fossa is less preferred in very young children.

What is the maximum amount of blood that can be removed in a 24-hour period from an infant?

About 5 mL per kg of body weight per 24 hours.

Joint Commission responsibilities?

Setting standards, accrediting healthcare organizations, and promoting patient safety and quality of care.

What test is greatly affected by hemolysis?

Potassium (and some other analytes); potassium is particularly sensitive to hemolysis.

What is basal state?

Fasting/resting state before testing; typically no food for 8–12 hours.

What test is used to diagnose gestational diabetes?

Glucose tolerance test (GTT), often a 50 g screening or 100 g OGTT depending on protocol.

Autologous donation?

Donation of one's own blood for later personal use.

Hemochromatosis?

Iron overload disorder.

Antibody formed in response to an infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia?

Cold agglutinins (IgM antibodies).

Organ that creates urine?

Kidneys.

Number used in the laboratory to identify specimens?

Specimen identification number or accession/barcode number.

What is a major safety risk in removing stoppers from blood collection tubes?

Aerosolization of contents from the tube, exposing healthcare workers to bloodborne pathogens.

What test is most affected by glycolysis in the tube after collection?

Glucose (blood glucose) measurement.

Blood smear must be made within what time frame to prevent distortion of cell morphology?

Within 1 hour of collection.

Aliquots?

Portions of a larger sample divided for testing.

Statutory Law?

Laws enacted by legislative bodies (statutes).

Penalties for violating HIPAA?

Civil and criminal penalties, including fines and potential imprisonment.

Touching another person without permission is called?

Battery.

pH?

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (0–14 scale).

What is another name for smooth muscle?

Involuntary (visceral) muscle.

Peristalsis?

Wavelike muscle contractions that move contents through the digestive tract.

Anatomic position

Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

Supine position

Lying on the back, facing upward.

What body system is responsible for thermoregulation?

integumentary system

Structure that returns blood to the heart?

Veins.

Sounds heard when listening to the heart?

S1 and S2 (lub-dub) heart sounds.

Aorta?

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Vena Cava?

The large veins (superior and inferior) that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Path flow of blood through the heart?

Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.

Diagnosis?

Identification of a disease or condition from signs, symptoms, and tests.

PHI?

Protected Health Information.

Smallest blood vessels?

Capillaries.

Location of the veins in the antecubital space?

In the antecubital fossa (inner elbow) with veins such as median cubital, cephalic, and basilic.

Names of the veins in the antecubital space?

Median cubital vein, cephalic vein, and basilic vein.

Most popular vein for blood draws?

Median cubital vein.

Plasma makes up what % of blood in a healthy person?

About 55%.

Granulocytes?

White blood cells with granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Neutrophils?

Most abundant type of granulocytes; phagocytes that fight bacterial infections.

Another term for RBC's?

Erythrocytes.

Cells that attack bacteria?

Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages).

Enzymes that break down fibrin in clots?

Plasmin (from plasminogen).

What cells are infected and destroyed in HIV infections?

CD4+ T lymphocytes (helper T cells).

Lymph nodes are part of what system?

Lymphatic system.

Antigens?

Substances that provoke an immune response (foreign substances).

SST?

Serum Separator Tube; used to collect serum.

Vacuum tubes?

Blood collection tubes that create a vacuum to draw samples automatically.

Steps for performing phlebotomy?

Identify patient, wash hands, wear gloves, verify order, select vein, apply tourniquet, palpate vein, insert needle, collect specimen, release tourniquet, remove needle, apply pressure, label sample.

Common size 'gauge' needles?

Typically 21–23 gauge; 21 gauge is very common for venipuncture.