Micro Study Guide

What are the 3 domains of life?

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

What domain are viruses found under?

none because they cannot reproduce on their own and are nonliving

What domains of life have prokaryotic cells?

bacteria and archaea

what domains of life have eukaryotic cells

eukarya

definition of replication

the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before it divides

definition of transcription

the process where a cell makes a working copy of a gene's DNA sequence into a molecule called messenger RNA

definition of translation

the process where ribosomes read messenger RNA (mRNA) to build proteins

what is the shape of a coccus

sphere shaped

what is the shape of a bacillus

rod shaped

what is the shape of a diplococcus

two spherical shapes next to each other

what is the shape of a diplobacillus

two rod shapes next to each other

strepto in terms of shape means

a chain

what would a streptococcus look like

a chain of spheres

what would a streptobacillus look like

a chain of rod shaped figures

what would staphylococci look like

a bundle of sphere shaped coccus

what would a vibrio look like

v shaped

what would a spirillum look like

wavy

what would a spirochete look like

a spiral shape

what do fimbriae do

help a bacteria attach to things

what do flagella do

help a bacteria be mobile

what shape of bacteria are axial filaments found in

spirochetes

what is conjugation

when bacteria share information through plasmids via a sex pillis

difference between chromosome and plasmids

they both contain DNA and are circular, however chromosomes are bigger and contain info for life, and plasmids are smaller and have disease cuasing genes

where are capsules found and what are they protecting and what are they protecting it from

inside the body, bacteria, and from phagocytosis

where are endospores found and what are they protecting and what are they protecting it from

outside the body, bacteria, and from harsh environments (heat, chemicals, and dehydration)

what is a difference between capsules and endospores

capsules are vegetative and are permeable, letting nutrients in. Endospores are dormant and non permeable

what is germination

when endospores break out of their shell and become alive in the body

where are biofilms found and what is their purpose

they are commonly found on surfaces and it is used for colonization and adherence and cell to cell communication

what are the three things found in viruses (and the fourth optional one)

capsid, nucleic acid, spikes, and optional envelope

what is a capsid and where is it found

a capsid is a protective coating made of capsomere proteins on a virus

nucleic acid in a virus can either be ___ or ___ stranded

double, single

Spikes in a virus are used for

attachment

what is an envelope in a virus

an envelope is a lipid membrane from budding off of a host cell

what is lysis

when a virus has gone inside the cell, successfully replicated itself, and then splits out and murders the host cell

what is lysogenesis

when a virus goes and integrates with the host cells genome and stays dormant for a while, then excises itself, and then through lysis it breaks out

describe the route of dsDNA virus

releases dsDNA in nucleus, converted to +RNA, where it goes to ribosomes where it makes proteins to assemble the virus

describe the route of +RNA

it can go straight to the ribosome to code for proteins to make itself

describe the route of -RNA

it converts itself to +RNA through a packaged enzyme it has, where it then goes to the ribosome to code for proteins to make itself

describe the route of retrovirus

goes into the cell as +RNA, where it uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA, where it goes to the nucleus and integrates itself with the host genome where then it is turned into mRNA to go to the ribosome

C Diff

Clostridioides difficile, gram+, bacillus, flagella, endospores

Reservoir: soil

Treatment: fluid replacement, probiotics, FMT, colonectomy, sometimes antibiotics,

Transmission: surfaces, produce, gardening, contact transmission

Signs and Symptoms:colitis, diarrhea, bloating, gas, nausea, abdominal pain

Prevention: hygiene, wash hands, cook food properly, clean surfaces

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum, gram - so it has LPS in the outer membrane (endotoxin), spirochete, motile (axial filaments)

Reservoir: humans in genital urinary tract

Transmission: direct sexual intercourse

Prevention and Control: abstinence and monogamy, no vaccine

Signs and Symptoms: painless rash initially, chancres, eventually will cause brain problems and shut down of the brain

Antibiotic: Penicillin

the microbe causing syphilis has a structure that helps it

Avoid phagocytosis

Resist dehydration

Move within the body

Attach to surfaces

move within the body

HSV-1

Herpes simplex virus, enveloped, dsDNA

Reservoir: humans

Transmission: bodily fluid contact (saliva), human contact

Prevention: no vaccine, good hygiene, avoid contact with things that touch others mouths, 50% of population has it

Signs and Symptoms: cold sores

Treatment: Acyclovir (antiviral drug)

Which of the following is commonly used to treat HSV-1 infections?

The antibiotic tetracycline

Anti inflammatory steroid injections

An inactivated whole agent vaccine

The antiviral drug Acyclovir

The antiviral drug Acyclovir

Polio

Poliomyelitis, naked non enveloped, +RNA, GI tract virus

Reservoir: humans

Transmission: fecal oral route, water supply

Prevention: hygiene (treat your water) and vaccines- injected shot, oral drops vaccine, No Drug

Signs and Symptoms: nausea and abdominal discomfort, 1% goes to nerve and damages myelin and leads to permanent paralysis

THIS IS THE NEXT VIRUS TO BE ERADICATED

bacterial meningitis uses ____ to be able to get into the cerebrospinal cord

a capsule

what do all viruses require from their host cells to produce new virus particles?

protein synthesis machinery

full name of bacterium C Diff

Clostridioides difficile

full name of syphilis

Treponema Pallidum

Signs and symptoms of syphilis

rashes, chancers, eventual brain problems

Drug for Treponema Pallidum

penicillin

is the HSV 1 virus naked or enveloped

enveloped

what is the reservoir for HSV-1 Virus

humans

what is a drug for HSV-1

acyclovir

is polio naked or enveloped and what does that entail

it is naked, so it infects the GI tract because the thick capsid can allow it to pass through stomach acid

what is the reservoir for polio

humans

Signs and symptoms of polio

nausea, abdominal discomfort, and eventual paralysis

what kind of animal virus is HSV-1

ds DNA

what kind of animal virus is polio

+RNA, works fast!!!

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

gram negative

The poliovirus genome ___ after entering a host cell.

A. can immediately undergo translation

B. must convert to a different copy before translation

C. becomes part of the host cells DNA

D. becomes dormant within the cytoplasm

can immediately undergo translation

Bacteriophages infect and destroy

bacteria

Animal bacteria infect and destroy

eukaryotic cells in animals and humans

endocytosis

an active transport process where a cell brings substances from the outside into its interior by surrounding them with its cell membrane

fusion

the process where an enveloped virus merges its outer lipid membrane with the host cell membrane to deliver its genetic material inside

what is the purpose of an envelope for a virus

camoflauge

difference between gram + and gram - bacterium

gram + have thick peptidoglycan wall, cell membrane, and then cytoplasm. Gram - have an outer membrane, a thin peptidoglycan wall, an inner membrane, and then cytoplasm

which of the 4 animal virus types must package a viral polymerase enzyme

-RNA and retrovirus