midterm global 1

Globalization

The growing interdependence of economies, cultures, and populations worldwide through trade, migration, and information. Includes economic, political, and cultural connections.

Hyperglobalists

A school of thought arguing that globalization creates an increasingly integrated world economy and weakens national borders and nation-states.

Transformationalists

A school of thought viewing globalization as a complex, uneven process that transforms states and societies without a single fixed outcome.

Sceptics

A school of thought arguing that globalization is exaggerated, international connections have historical precedents, and nation-states remain powerful.

McDonaldization

The worldwide standardization of procedures, tastes, and values, in which global products and practices can replace local ones.

Cultural globalization

The spread of ideas, values, beliefs, and cultural products across borders, creating cultural exchanges and shared practices.

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, customs, practices, and ways of life of a group.

Ideology

A system of ideas and beliefs explaining how society and politics work and how they should be organized.

Religion

A system of beliefs, practices, and communities relating to sacred or supernatural matters and questions of meaning.

World religion

A religion whose beliefs and institutions allow it to spread across large territories and become established in different societies.

Global history

The study of the past through connections, exchanges, and processes across different regions and societies.

International history

The study of relations among states and governments, including diplomacy, conflict, and cooperation.

Mercator Projection

A map projection useful for navigation because compass directions appear as straight lines, but it exaggerates areas near the poles.

3-wave theory of globalization

A framework identifying three periods of intensified global connections: approximately 1860–1914, 1945–1970, and 1991–present.

Imperialism

The extension of a state's power over other peoples or territories through political, economic, or military domination.

Colonialism

Foreign domination in which a power establishes rule over another territory and its population, often exploiting people and resources.

Industrial capitalism

An economic system where privately owned businesses use capital, factories, machinery, and wage labor to produce goods for profit.

Global scientific (r)evolution

The development and exchange of scientific knowledge and methods across regions, including contributions from China and the Islamic world to European science.

1st Industrial Revolution

The shift from hand production to mechanized factory production using water and steam power, beginning in Britain in the late 1700s.

2nd Industrial Revolution

A later period of industrial growth beginning in the late 1800s, driven by electricity, steel, chemicals, and mass production.

Constitution

The fundamental laws and principles establishing a government's structure, powers, limits, and often people's rights.

Primordial school of nationalism

The view that nations are rooted in ancient or long-standing shared ancestry, language, culture, and history.

Modernization theory (school of nationalism)

The view that nations and nationalism are modern developments shaped by industrialization, mass education, communication, and centralized states.

Civic nationalism

National identity based on shared citizenship, political institutions, and civic values rather than common ancestry.

Pan-nationalism

A movement seeking unity among related national or ethnic groups across existing state borders.

Nation-state

A sovereign state claiming to represent a particular nation, ideally aligning national identity with political borders.

National self-determination

The principle that a people or nation has the right to choose its political status and government.

Sovereignty

The supreme authority of a state to govern its territory and people independently without outside control.

Fascism

A far-right ultranationalist ideology characterized by authoritarian leadership, suppression of opposition, and forceful transformation of society and the economy.

Soviet nationalities policy

An early Soviet policy, especially from 1923–1932, promoting minority languages, ethnic cultures, local literature, and national or autonomous territories within the USSR.