Bio H Exam

Anarobic

Without Oxygen

Aerobic

With oxygen

Active Site

A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein during a reaction

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.

asexual reproduction

A mode of reproduction that involves a single organism producing offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

autosomes

Chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism, typically present in pairs.

biodiversity

The variety of life in the world, including the different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary energy source for living organisms.

carbon cycle

A Natural process that moves carbon through the Earth.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined, playing a crucial role during cell division.

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space or membrane, driving the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

consumers/heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by feeding on other organisms, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles and is the site for many metabolic processes.

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that involves the formation of a bond between two molecules through the removal of a water molecule, often used in the synthesis of larger molecules like carbohydrates and proteins.

dependent variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment, which is affected by changes in the independent variable.

diploid

A cell or organism that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, typically found in somatic cells. Diploid cells are represented by the symbol 2n, indicating they have paired chromosomes.

electron transport chain

A series of protein complexes and other molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors through redox reactions, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

element

A pure substance that consists of only one type of atom, characterized by its atomic number. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

enzyme

A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

facilitated diffusion

The process by which molecules pass through the cell membrane via specific transport proteins, without the expenditure of energy.

fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, typically used by microorganisms.

fertilization

The process by which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell to form a zygote, initiating the development of a new organism.

fluid mosaic model

A scientific model that describes the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of various components, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, which move fluidly within the layer.

gametes

Reproductive cells that unite during fertilization to form a zygote.

gametogenesis

The process by which gametes are produced through cell division and differentiation in organisms.

Glycolysis

the set of reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate or lactate

grana

stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of the chloroplast

haploid

A cell or organism that contains one complete set of chromosomes, typically half the number found in diploid cells.

homeostasis

the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism despite external changes.

homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

hydrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water, often used in digestion and metabolism.

hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often leading to the movement of water out of a cell.

hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often causing water to move into a cell.

independent variable

A factor in an experiment that is manipulated to test its effects on the dependent variable.

karyotype

A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs and used to assess chromosomal abnormalities.

Krebs cycle

A series of chemical reactions in cellular respiration that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

light-dependent reaction

The first stage of photosynthesis occurring in the thylakoid membranes, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

light-independent reaction

The second stage of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, where ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

lipids

organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids

ion

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

inner membrane space

a space enclosed by the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria

matrix

space within the mitochondria inclosed byt the inner membrane

meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes

mitosis

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

molecule

nucleic acids

organelles

osmosis

outer membrane

phospholipid bilayer

producers

products

proteins

reactants

semipermeable membrane

sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

sexual reproduction

simple diffusion

sister chromatids

solute

solvent

somatic cells (body cells)

species

stroma

substrate

system

thylakoid

transgenic organism

zygote