Biology Unit Three Test

What cells have a nucleus and what cells don’t

Prokaryotic cells dont while eukaryotic cells do

Which cells have membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotic cells don’t

Name the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

1. Bacteria or archeea

2. Only unicellular

3. Most have a cell wall

4. No nucleus

5. No membrane bound organelles

Name the characteristics of eukaryotic cells

1. Eukarya - plants, animals or fungi

2. Unicellular or multi cellular

3. Has a necleus

4. Has a cell wall

5. Is larger then prokaryotic cells

6. Membrane bound organelles

Name characteristics that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

1. DNA

2. Ribosomes

3. Cytoplasm

4. Cell membrane

What catagories living things fall into

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What is the modern cell theory

• the cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms

• All living things are made up of one or more cells

• All cells come from pre existing cells

What does the nucleus do

• stores dna

• Genetic control center

• “Boss” of the cell

• Only in eukaryotic cells

Nuclear membrane

It surrounds the nucleus and controls what goes in and out

• has pores/little channels

• Things can go in and out through the pores

Nucleolus

• synthesizes rhybsomes and is located inside the necleus

Ribosomes

• synthesizes proteins

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• Not a membrane bound organelle

• Is free floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasm

• Everything inside the cell membrane

• Cytosol: an aqueous solution inside of a cell “soup”

• Cytoplasm is made up of cytosol and organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum

the er is next to the nucleus and processing of molecules and transports them like a highway

rough endoplasmic reticulum

• helps manufacture and modify proteins with the help of ribosomes

• Produces proteins and transports them

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids and has no ribosomes and helps the cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

• Receives and modifies ER products

• Is like a “shipping center”

• Has stacks of membrane sacs

• The golgi and the rough ER are not connected

Lysosomes

• sacs of digestive enzymes that bud off from the golgi

• Digest food and waste

• Recycles organelles

• Are only in animal cells

  • digestive enzymes need to be in a membrane because you need a certain amount of consolidated enzymes to break down food and if you have enzymes floating around then they will suggest important things and break them down

Vacuole

• A large storage vesicle/palace

• different functions in different organisms

• plants have one large central vacuole and animals have many small vacuoles

Vacuoles in plants

• helps maintain plant structure

• Large central vacuole

• Store lysosomes

Mitochondria

• many in cytosol of the cytoplasm

• They have inner and outer membranes

• They have cellular respiration though is to create energy (ATP) by breaking down sugar (food)

• Muscle cells need a lot of mitochondria but red blood cells don’t need a lot of mitochondria because they don’t move on their down, your heart pumps them

• 
  

What is the inside of the mitochondria called

The matrix

Chloroplast

• converts sunlight into energy and is mainly found in plants

• Humans don’t have a chloroplast

• Controls photosynthesis

What do the mitochondria and the chloroplast have in common?

• They both have an inner membrane

• have their own dna and ribosomes

• Can replicate on their down

• Described as “populations” within cells

Endosymbiotic theory

Ancestral eukaryote cells bay have consumed ancestral prokaryotes which become organelles

cytoskeleton

• Maintains the cells structure

• Anchors organelles

• Tracks to move things within cells

• Composed of protein

• They make up…..cilia, flagella, muscles in animals

Cell wall

Provides structure for the cell and holds its shape

Cell membrane

• regulates the import of essential nutrients and the export of cellular waste and it surrounds every cell

Characteristics of only plant cells

1. Chloroplast

2. Cell wall

3. One large central vacuole

Characteristics of only animal cells

1. Many small vacuoles (food)

2. Lysosomes

3. Centriole

What is granium (plural of thylakoid)

It is the pancake like stack in the chloroplast that converts sunlight to energy

What is the stroma

It is like the cytoplasm of the chloroplast

What are cila and what are they on?

Cila are the hair like things sticking out of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells

What is a flagella and what is it on?

It is a tail on prokaryotic cells that helps them move around

Contains DNA

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Contains a nucleus

eukaryotic cells

Contains a cell membrane

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Contains organelles with membranes

Eukaryotic cells

Contains ribosomes

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Bacteria are an example

Eukaryotic cells

Contain cytoplasm

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Plants are an example

Prokaryotic cells

Contains cilia and flagella

Prokaryotic

Maintain homeostasis

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Multicellular

eukaryotic cells

Unicellular

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have?

• cell membranes

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Maintain homeostasis

• unicellular

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells (9)

• contains dna

• Contains a nucleus

• Contains a cell membrane

• Has membrane bound organelles

• Has ribosomes

• Plants are an example

• Contains a cytoplasm

• Maintains homeostasis

• Is multicellular and unicellular

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

• contains dna

• Contains a cell membrane

• Contains ribosome

• Bacteria are an example

• Contains cytoplasm

• Contains cilia and flagella

• Maintains homeostasis

• Is unicellular

All organisms are made of more than one cell.

False

Lysosomes transport lipids.

False

Proteins are made in ribosomes.

True

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

False

The plasma membrane forms the physical boundary between the cell and its environment.

True

Plant cells are prokaryotic and animal cells are eukaryotic

False

Compared to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are very complex.

False

Organelles are located within the cytoplasm.

True

The cell membrane is mostly made up of carbohydrates.

False

All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

True

DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

True

Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions than prokaryotic cells.

True

The Golgi apparatus is located right next to the nucleus.

False

Plants have cell walls and cell membranes, whereas animal cells only have cell membranes.

True

Vesicles can pinch off of (form off of) the rough ER, the Golgi apparatus, and the cell membrane.

True

Moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image

Fine adjustment knob

Used to support the top part of the microscope when carried

Arm

Regulates the amount of light in the specimen

Diaphragm

The bottom of the microscope, used for support

Base

Projects light upward through the diaphragm the specimen and the lenses

Light source

Moves the stage up and down for focusing

Course adjustment knob

Holds the slide in place on the stage

Stage clips

Contains the ocular lens

Eyepiece

Holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to change power

Rotating nose piece

Small platform where the specimen is mounted for examination

Stage

What is the magnification of the eyepiece

10x

Which adjustment knob should you use in high power

Fine

How do you prevent the slide from falling off the stage

Put it in carefully and hold it in place with stage clips

Which adjustment knob is used for bringing the specimen into focus

Course

Which fine adjustment knob is used for sharpening the image of the specimen after it is focused

Fine

What is the function of the stage controls

To move the stage right to left and up and down to make sure specimen is in the filled of view

How do you change the objective lenses

By using the rotating nose piece and rotating it

What power must be in place when you first find an image in the microscope

Lowest power (4x)

What power of magnification is there when you look through the 10x objective lens?

100

What power of magnification is there when you look through the 4x objective lens?

40

What power of magnification is there when you look through the 40x objective lens?

400

What does the endosymbiotic theory explain?

• How complex, eukaryotic cells evolved from simpler, prokaryotic cells.

• How mitochondria and chloroplasts are evidence of this theory because they used to be free living bacteria

Explain the premise behind the Endosymbiotic Theory – How did different eukaryotic cells evolve?

Theory explains that eukaryotic cells developed when larger cells absorbed smaller bacteria. Instead of breaking them down, the cells lived together and eventually the smaller bacteria became organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Billions of years ago, there were many different types of prokaryotic cells. One larger one engulfed a smaller one, and they started living symbiotically with one inside the other, leading eventually to cells with organelles. a larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell. Instead of digesting it, they began living together symbiotically. Over time, the smaller cells evolved into organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, eventually forming eukaryotic cells.

list three pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA .

2. They have a double membrane, suggesting one cell engulfed another.

3. They have their own ribosomes, similar to bacteria and they reproduce independently by dividing, just like bacteria.

Characteristics of plant cells

• cell wall

• Chloroplast

• Central vacuole

Characteristics of an animal cell

• centriol

• Lysosomes

• Smaller and multiple vacuoles

Characteristics of both plant and animal cells

• nucleus

• Ribosomes

• Rough and smooth er

• Cytoplasm

• Golgi apparatus

• Vesicles

• Mitochondria

• Nucleus

• Cytoskeleton

Stores material within the cell

Vacuole

The sites of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their greencolor

Chloroplast

Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria

Lysosome

Surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and exits the nucleus

Nuclear membrane

Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria, and someprotists

Cell wall

Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

Mitochondria

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

Golgi apparatus

Assembles some components of the cell membrane; synthesizes lipids

Smooth ER